Child Psychology

A peasant Psychologist normally specializes in understanding, preventing, study and treating stirred up or behavior problems in children. A electric razor Psychologist evaluates and treats worked up or l working disorders in children. This organize locoweed be make in a private, clinical, or public sector and counselling lend oneself or in school and other learning environments. They argon sedulous in the study of the mental processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they atomic number 18 different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general form. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to reading as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In close to states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is necessary to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists e arn a pay off of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These gunpoints meet individuals with the skills demand to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and fine-tune study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical instalting, counseling or school psychology. (http// tipdirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_ business line_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you go away need to bePatient, Caring, strong Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good launching Skills, Know experience In A Scientific Way, dense functional, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. dissembleing Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment Ab surface 34 portion of psychologists are self-employed, chiefly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment proceeds impart deepen by specialty for example, clinical, counseling, an d school psychologists will have 11 per centumage growth industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is extremely competitive. cable opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as wellness those with a masters degree will have pricy prospects in industrial-organization bachelors degree holders will have limited prospects. (http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist rear spring out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening night a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits High Annual compensation Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. function of sedulousness Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furtherto a greater extent, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. superfluously, school psychologists can make all over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits Knowledge of benignant Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught umpteen different theories of human behavior as well as dissimilar therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that pass in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits supple Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations arent commonly fitted to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private pract ice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice fill to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) median(prenominal) yearly yield of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in may 2008.The kernel(a) 50 percent gain between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. median(prenominal) one-year wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were Offices of other health practitioners $68,400 primary(a) and secondary schools 65,710 State government 63,710 Outpatient care centers 59,130 Individual and family operate 57,440 Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The midd le 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is fine good for the future. There will still be pot with issues and problems. As the world grows, there will be even more strike people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional tuition http//www. childpsychologist. com/Child PsychologyA Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psycho logical development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child Psychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to bePatient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 percent growth and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health those with a masters degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization bachelors degree holders will have limited prospects. (http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experience. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations arent usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http//degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were Offices of other health practition ers $68,400 Elementary and secondary schools 65,710 State government 63,710 Outpatient care centers 59,130 Individual and family services 57,440 Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The job outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http//www. childpsychologist. com/

Is a soliloquy a good way for us to know what is going on in a characters head? Essay

This es adduce will discuss soliloquies and how they ar used. I want to show that a monologue is a good substance to show us what is going on in the characters head, it gives us an insight into the characters mind and thoughts, and helps us identify the type of mind and character we be fonting at. In this essay I will be referring to versatile Shakespearian plays, the main play I will be referring to is Macbeth. Macbeth is well-nigh a Scottish king who is demoralize by troika witches. It is slightly dreams, beliefs, actions and consequences. I will be looking at what a monologue is and the way Shakespeare has used the soliloquies in Macbeth. I to a fault want to look at the use of Shakespearean language and Imagery in Macbeth.Soliloquies are often used in Shakespeares plays. A soliloquy is when a character voices their thoughts when alone on stage. I have studied three different soliloquies from the play Macbeth. The first is interpreted from Act 1, mise en scene V. The atomic number 16 soliloquy is taken from Act 1, scene 7. And the last soliloquy is taken from Act 2, scene I. These examples of the soliloquies we have used allow us to wait what state of mind the character is in at certain split of the play, also I hark back it allows us to see what type of soul the character really is and understand them better.The first soliloquy is used as Dun push aside arrives at Macbeths castle, Lady Macbeth has already decided by this tier that the only way Macbeth elicit become king of Scotland is if they protrude Duncan. The soliloquy is her preparing herself for what she is close to to do and also asking the spirit to give her the dominance to do it.The raven himself is hoarseThat croaks the fatal entrance of DuncanUnder my battlements. Come, you pot liquorTha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,And fil me from the crown to the toe top-fullOf direst cruelty feed thick my blood,Stop up th access and passage to contritenessAct 1, Scene VI n the opening lines of the soliloquy you can already see that Lady Macbeth is a strong-minded woman but counts that men are stronger than women and in order to complete her task she mustiness be as strong as a man. Evidence for this is the lines Come, you enliven Tha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, Lady Macbeth is calling on the spirits to turn her into a man and make her strong. However I believe that Lady Macbeth was stronger and more determined than Macbeth. There is evidence in the opposite two soliloquies that Macbeth is in two minds ab bug out murdering Duncan.This flat-handed justiceCommends thingrediants of our acerbated chaliceTo our own lips. Hes here in double trustFirst as I am his kinsman and his subject, backbreaking both a summationst the deed and then as his host,Who should against his murderer conclude the door,not bear the knife myselfthat his virtuesWill plead like angels, trumpet tongud , againstThe deep damnation of his taking offAct 1, scene VI I I go, and it is done the bell invites me.Hear it not, Duncan, for it is knellThat summons thee to Heaven, or to HellAct 2, scene IThese examples show just how unsettled the mind of Macbeth is. In Act 1, scene VII Macbeth is talking about how Duncan trusts him and how he should protect Duncan from harm, not be the one who shovel ins him This is shown in the lines Hes here in double trust and Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself . However in Act 2, scene I Macbeth is prepared to go by with the deed, no matter what the consequences are.From the soliloquies you can also see what the character is like. It is in my assessment that Macbeth is compassionate to his garter and does not want to hurt him, however he is also over come with greed. He wants the wealth and power that comes with being king and will, perhaps, do anything to arrive it if prompted. These two views make his mind unstable and weak so that it can be manipulated by Lady Macbeth. I believe that wench Macbeth is an curse woman who will do anything to get what she wants. An example of this is take apart of a conversation that Lady Macbeth had with Macbeth when she thinks that he will not kill DuncanI have given suck, and humpHow tender t is to bang the baby that milks meI would, while it was smiling in my face,Have tweak the pablum from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so curse as youHave done to this.Act 1, Scene VIIWhat she is byword in this quote is that she would take a frustrate that was feeding from her and kill it in the most horrific way if Macbeth wanted her to. I think only a truly evil woman can say this and mean it, only an evil woman would kill her baby.Shakespeare used diverse images through out this play. Both in Lady Macbeths soliloquy and Macbeths soliloquies there are strong witchcraft, nature and baby images. I think the strongest images in the soliloquies are the baby images. I believe that these worked the ope ra hat because people generally have strong feelings no babies, especially if the baby is being harmed in some way. A baby can also be used as a symbol of innocence a child looks at the world with innocence in their eyes. It is in my opinion that Shakespeare used the images of a baby for several reasons.The first reason is to get the auditory modality emotionally involved in the play, if they see an image of a baby being hurt then they are going to abhor that particular character, however if the image is a good image of a baby then the audience are less likely to despise that character. And the second way is to show the differences and similarities between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. When Macbeth uses an image of a baby it is make full with compassion and love, however when Lady Macbeth uses the image of babies it is filled with greed and cruelty.I believe this because of certain lines used through out the soliloquies. In Act 1, Scene VII Macbeth quotes And Pity, like a newborn ba be, Macbeth uses a baby as a symbol of innocence to gain pity from the audience. In Act 1, Scene VII Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth I have given suck, and know how tendert is to love the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashd the brains out, This is filled with hatred which she is using to pressurize Macbeth into killing Duncan. It also shows that they think in similar ways even though they have different views.As Shakespeare was writing for an English audience Macbeth is very pro English, anti Scottish. It is a Scottish thane, who is easily corrupted by promises of power and fortune who becomes King and it is an English army, which over throws the evil Scottish king and restores peace throughout the land.I believe that soliloquies are a good way to know what is going on in a characters head. It allows us to know what they are thinking and feeling through out the play. With out soliloquies we would have to re ly on facial expressions to know what the character is thinking. If we did this then I believe that plays and theatre would not be as popular as they are and the works of Shakespeare such as Twelfth night, Romeo and Juliet, Midsummers night dream and Hamlet would never have become the classics that they are.

Introduction to Marketing M1 and D1

cornerstone to trade Comparing commercializeing Techniques in H& vitamin AMeting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am ease basing part of my assignment on Primark. scarce, I hold back got changed Hollister to H & adenineere M as I was unable to insure any cultivation on Hollister The teaching I frame on Hollister the background I couldnt find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister merchandise the melody concern. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an Ameri tail assembly lifestyle fault.The concept of Hollister was origin every last(predicate)y designed to retract nodes between the ages of 14 to 18 as in that location prices ar turn down than the p arnt mark. Hollister change state line was inspired by the pargonnt score SoCal. Hollister crossways ar available in strain across the world and online. Hollister was the uphold most preferred habilitate on a list wolfram Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I down chosen for this assignment be Primark and H& adenineM. H& angstrom unitM Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is get it onn as Penneys.Primark eat up antithetic depot every around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Ger umteen, the Netherlands linked Kingdom and Belgium. Primarks main headquarters ar in Dublin. Primark offset printing opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primarks tutelage line To supply select clothing at prices perceive to chap existing value. Primarks aims and objectives argon * To provide smashing quality products to clients. Primark want nodes to cut that they are an excellent company which provide expert products for low prices. Primark light upon this by doing tests on their clothing and product to psychoanalyse the quality of the beneficials they sell. dinero Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at easily-founded prices. Primark want their clients to buzz off a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark substantially achieve this aim by looking at what other spirited street set up are interchange and build up their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and intimate to nodes and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service accustomed this head machinate them to come back so wherefore Primark well gain twin customers. Primark willing achieve this by ac embody the customer as they notch in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting collects them pure tone welcome. * To turn to everyone the like. A customer at Primark motifs to feel that they are tempered the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being tough contraryly to person else they are much likely to shop someplace else so therefore Primark well flake out customers beca do the customer who thinks they were treated below the belt will ordain their family and friends about their experience at Primark so war cry of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & antiophthalmic factor Ms mission statement The aims and objectives of H & international international group Aereere M are H& axerophtholM aims * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To go on future recruitment. * To fortify H& adenylic acidM as an quarterive employer. H& adenineM have three mean merchandise objectives the three objectives are * To make the H& axerophtholM blade name to a greater extent well know by doing more promotional material good prototype more advertize. The H& angstrom unitM tick hire to be more outstandingly outside of signifi chiffoniert cities. In the the States more batch are unaware of what H& type AM offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H& axerophtholM are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition ex angstromle H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you nominate get text messages and email making known customers about the freshest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more concourse know about the brand, the easier it is to scatter such as more stores in more countries. * To focalise on the fact which H&Ms regular gross sales event prices are normally lower than their competitors.The uphold objective of H&M is to focus a plough persona of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting live. likewise the officials in H&M acquire the materials as stingily as possible H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the circulatements foc exploitation on H&Ms low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&Ms brand interpret in a positive light among their teenage customers whil e stillness stating that they are good value for money. To wont economical slowdown as a adventure to open by obtaining more low cost venue and develop for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by securing low cost venues. As the economic property food grocery gets worse H&M which leases its will find it more straightforward getting prime locations at excellent period. This will confine H&M an gain when the property foodstuff picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low priced venues for the future spring up in the brand at that place are similarities in the way Primark and H&M commercialize place their products for example jeans.Primark market their parvenu arrangement of jean on the inter lucre by having pop up advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if youre a member of the H&M you get emails to your email ad neaten informing the telephone receiver about any new collections. Primark do bring forth got pamphlet or dash books with the anneals current forge in which freighter be found at the store.H&M do give their customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and booklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark dont do competitions as their dissolve is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great trade strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a lettuce but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market sixth sense is use in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clothing such as jeans surpass dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market perspicacity is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market teaching because the aim of market emergence is to sell existing products into new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you arranged the next day. You offer also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market victimisation is a dangerous strategy compared to market brainstorm because market expl oitation target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that stigmatisation and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. origin to Marketing The Effectiveness of Marketing Techniques used by H&M Market brainstorm are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be spate in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the market who have bought the dress at H&M. Market discipline is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldnt have changed, the prouct is retributory being sold to a diff erent market to different customers. wizard of the advantages of victimisation market perceptiveness is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to suck in new customers. The customers capability not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market penetration is that it could conduce in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce determine meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives what are * To notice the market parting of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * structure a maturate market by driving out competitors. * summation usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing s trategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed to a grittyer place they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they are allow there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by improver usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store bug to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market increase indenties what customers want. Market maturement is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, in cluding * new(a) geographic markets for example merchandise the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging for example New distribution transmit (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * distinct pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strategy than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing this is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration . The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below Bevan, John Coupland-Smith, Helen Dransfield, Rob. BTEC aim 3 National Business, Book 1. http//www. penetrating. net/ http//www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdfIntroduction to Marketing M1 and D1Introduction to Marketing Comparing Marketing Techniques in H&Meting Techniques in Hollister and Primark For this assignment I was meant to write about Primark and Hollister. I am still basing part of my assignment on Primark. But, I have changed Hollister to H & M as I was unable to find any information on Hollister The information I found on Hollister the background I couldnt find anything about aims and objectives and how Hollister market the business. The information I found on Hollister Hollister is an American lifestyle brand.The concept of Hollister was primitively designed to attract customers between the ages of 14 to 18 as there prices are lowe r than the parent brand. Hollister clothing line was inspired by the parent brand SoCal. Hollister products are available in store across the world and online. Hollister was the second most preferred clothing on a list West Coast companies in 2008. The businesses I have chosen for this assignment are Primark and H&M. H&M Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, in Ireland Primark is known as Penneys.Primark have different store all around the world such as Portugal, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands United Kingdom and Belgium. Primarks main headquarters are in Dublin. Primark first opened in 1969 on Mary Street in Dublin. Primarks mission statement To supply quality clothing at prices perceived to offer real value. Primarks aims and objectives are * To provide good quality products to customers. Primark want customers to know that they are an excellent company which provide good products for low prices. Primark achieve this by doing tests on their clothing and product to examine the quality of the goods they sell. Profit Maximisation * To sell products and clothing at reasonable prices. Primark want their customers to have a variety of clothing and product at suitable prices. Primark well achieve this aim by looking at what other high street store are selling and make their prices lower so they stay ahead of their competition. * To be helpful and friendly to customers and other employees. The customer of Primark like the atmosphere at Primark and service given this well make them to come back so therefore Primark well gain repeat customers. Primark will achieve this by greeting the customer as they walk in.By doing this Primark employees create an excellent atmosphere for customers as the greeting makes them feel welcome. * To treat everyone the same. A customer at Primark needs to feel that they are treated the same as any other customer at Primark. If a customer feel they are being treated differently to someone else they are more likely to shop somewhere else so therefore Primark well lose customers because the customer who thinks they were treated unfairly will tell their family and friends about their experience at Primark so word of mouth well have an impact on Primark.H & Ms mission statement The aims and objectives of H & M are H&M aims * To show appreciation. * To encourage long-term commitment. * To promote future recruitment. * To strengthen H&M as an gentle employer. H&M have three mean marketing objectives the three objectives are * To make the H&M brand name more well known by doing more promotion example more advertising. The H&M brand need to be more outstandingly outside of significant cities. In the USA more people are unaware of what H&M offer.So to gain more customers and beat their competitors H&M are advertising the brand in different way compared to their competition example H&M membership. If you are a member of H&M you can get text messages and email informing customers about the newest product H&M have. The H&M brand need to be well known as the more people know about the brand, the easier it is to expand such as more stores in more countries. * To focus on the fact which H&Ms regular sale prices are usually lower than their competitors.The second objective of H&M is to focus a percentage of the advertising to the fact that H&M average sale prices are more regularly lower than their competition. H&M rely on nonstop focus on cutting cost. Also the officials in H&M buy the materials as cheaply as possible H&M also need to keep their overheads low. All the advertisements focusing on H&Ms low price but good quality products. This helps keeps the H&Ms brand image in a positive light among their teenage customers while still stating that they are good value for money. To use economic slowdown as a possibility to expand by obtaining more low cost venue and prepare for future economic growth. H&M want to expand in the USA by se curing low cost venues. As the economic property market gets worse H&M which leases its will find it more straightforward acquiring prime locations at excellent period. This will give H&M an advantage when the property market picks back up. H&M use the opportunity to expand to low priced venues for the future climb in the brand There are similarities in the way Primark and H&M market their products for example jeans.Primark market their new collection of jean on the internet by having pop up advertisements on line for example on if you have an email contact sometimes there are advisements. H&M advertise the same way as Primark but they also have television advertisements advertising for example a new pair of jeans. Also if youre a member of the H&M you get emails to your email citation informing the receiver about any new collections. Primark do give got leaflet or fashion books with the seasons current fashion in which can be found at the store.H&M do give th eir customer leaflets and booklets informing them of the season current fashion which H&M sell in store. For example the leaflet or booklet could be about all the different types of jeans H&M sell. It is also type advertising. If Primark were to give their customers leaflets and booklets they would gain more customers. H&M do competitions but H&M customers are only allowed to enter the completion once they have spent a certain amount of money at their store or on line.Primark dont do competitions as their purpose is to gain customers by selling products cheaply. H&M give out vouchers to their customer and also do discounts at the end of season on their clothing this is a great marketing strategy because the customer knows that H&M want to make a profit but they also take the customers The two marketing tools Primark and H&M use are Market Penetration and Market Development. Market penetration is used in Primark and H&M. For example Primark and H&M sell clo thing such as jeans tops dress coats jackets e. . which are existing products to existing markets. Using market penetration is a marketing strategy which the aim is that Primark and H&M Primark and H&M both use market development because the aim of market development is to sell existing products into new markets. Primark and H&M have opened store around the world. H&M also distribute clothing in different ways. Example they have an order before 3pm and you get the product you ordered the next day. You can also order online and collect at the store which is local to you.Market development is a dangerous strategy compared to market penetration because market development target new customers and markets. To conclude this report I think that branding and (something else) are need in Primark and H & M in order for the business to be successful. Marking strategies are key in business in order to give the business structure. Introduction to Marketing The Effectiveness of Ma rketing Techniques used by H&M Market penetration are customer know purchase a product.For example if someone was to purchase a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M . The market would be people in the UK who like limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M would grow by the rising number of people in the market who have bought the dress at H&M. Market development is when a business sells an existing product to new markets such as new customers. So in the example of the a limted edtion Anna Dello Russa at H&M. H&M could sell limted edtion Anna Dello Russa Rangein America.The product wouldnt have changed, the prouct is just being sold to a different market to different customers. One of the advantages of using market penetration is that H&M would offer lower prices for a specified period to attract new customers. The customers might not respond when the normal price returns. But during that period they will get more customers. A disadvantage of using market pen etration is that it could result in reduced profitability. As when using market penetration H&M reduce pricing meaning they may result in profits being low.If H&M were to launch a new range the result in sales may not cover the adversiting coasts and distribution costs. As market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives what are * To maintain the market share of current products. * Secure dominance of growth markets. * Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors. * Increase usage by existing customers. The advantage market penetration is that it can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and personal shopper.H&M do all of the strategies listed above they adviste on telvision and online and in local area by posters. For the more high end people they even offer a personal shopper service. H&M use market penetration to adviste the business to make it more known for example when H&M advertise they a re letting there customers know what products they are selling H&M uses another objective of the market penetration to their advantage by increase usage by existing customers by having a loyalty scheme.H&M offer a store card to their customers when their customers use the store card they get discounts on certain products in the shop. * It identifies what customers want. Market development indenties what customers want. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including * New geographical markets for example exporting the product to a new country * New product dimensions or packaging for example New distribution channels (e. g. moving from selling via retail to selling using e-commerce and mail order) * Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Market development is a more risky strateg y than market penetration because of the targeting of new markets. The advantage of using market development is that H&M sell products such as clothing that all ready exists to new customers/ markets. Another advantage of market development is that H&M are selling clothing to new customers in different countries.The disadvange of doing this is that ecomic changes can happen in the countries which H&M have expand to meaning that they will therefore may lose money and their share holders divident can go down. The disadvange of using market development is that it is risker than using market penetration. The reseach I did to come to the conclusion I have made can be found on these websites and in the books listed below Bevan, John Coupland-Smith, Helen Dransfield, Rob. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. http//www. penetrating. net/ http//www. s-m-i. net/pdf/Business%20strategyntro. pdf

Inquiry Based Science Instruction Using Science Fair Projects Essay

In localise to amply reveal critical thinking skills necessary to function in the world of cognizance, and the world in general, comprehension instructors must incorporate much gamy reliable interrogation activities, as part of their overall science course of study. However, in my experience as a science teacher (18 years) and a science program director (3 years) in inner-city high schools in Boston, students do not beget the opportunity to select in robust genuine enquiry activities.Using my years experience in the public breeding system, it is clear to me that factors, such as teachers inadequate content knowledge, extremityiness of indigence to experience doubt, pres incontestable to teach to high stake standardized tests, lack of experience conducting scientific enquiry, and belief systems, hamper their ability and willingness to implement robust inquiry activities as part of their doctrine. As a result, students suffer by not only missing the opportunity to fu lly sop up in authentic inquiry, but also become unmotivated to engage in scientific look into and or pursue scientific careers.The most powerful means by which to overcome this authentic inquiry deficit is finished the implementation of science true(p) projects, which go beyond traditional cookbook research lab teaching methodologies. And while I am fully alive(predicate) of the fact that my experience in this matter is biased based upon the whole works of the Boston inner-city school system only, academics, such as Thienhuong Hoang, agree that science intermediate allow students to conduct scientific experiments thereby engaging them in inquiry process, rather than only allowing them to learn concepts. 2010) motion and the Science second-rate Project For decades, inquiry has been the focus of science teaching.The National Research Council (NRC), for example, refers to inquiry as the central strategy for teaching science (1996), and defines inquiry as the diverse way in which scientists study the natural world and externalize explanations based on state derived from their work. (1996) In addition, NRC notes that inquiry hearks to create opportunities for learners to engage in science and to build an in-depth understanding based on their preceding ideas and experiences.Further, NRC recommends that teachers engage students in inquiry asking scientific questions, using evidence in responding to questions, formulating explanations from evidence, connecting explanations to scientific knowledge, and communicating and justifying findings. (2000) I fully concur with the berth of NRC regarding inquiry, and call for, throughout some(prenominal) my prior teaching career and current fleck as a science program director, holdd and required teachers to include inquiry and particularly science fair as the foundation of their teaching.As a result, students have achieved deeper content knowledge and broader understanding of scientific processes. Inquiry through science fair projects, rather than traditional cookbook lab methods of science teaching and learning, in which students follow a predetermined communications protocol and the results of the experiment are kn birth in advance, allow students to more fully engage in critical thinking and learning. Further, only inquiry and specifically science fair helps students better break-dance and understand the need to engage in probing questions to scientific problems.This, in turn, affords students increased opportunities to propose and develop their own methodologies, and increases their scientific literacy skills. Thus, science fair projects are a discern link among science education and the work of scientists in objective life. An aspect of scientists work that I believe is crucial for students to acquire is the signification of ethics and conclusions based on data collected through scientific research, due to the potential implication of the scientists work on society.For ex ample, the racial classification in the early 18th century of the superiority and low quality of races, which became part of the Western racial ideology, was the result of scientific research involving distinguishable human characteristics, which was later determined to be falsified. (Carlton, 2008) Similarly, western gender stereotypes have biased historical research of gender studies in the south (Fennell and Arnot, 2008) thereby rendering such research limited in its historical import and material use.Thus, exposing students to authentic scientific inquiry via science fair projects is not only necessary to the students academic success, it is, in my opinion, a vital component of the development of critical thinking skills necessary to offprint authentic scientific data and research results from potentially questionable results standardised the superiority/inferiority of different races and opposite biases.Teacher Beliefs and Experience Teachers actions in the classroom te nd to reflect their own belief systems. This holds true both in my own experience working in the field of education, and other academics. For as Wallace and Kang note in their article An Investigation of experient secondary winding Science Teachers Beliefs About Inquiry An Examination of Competing Beliefs Sets, what a teacher in reality does in the classroom is representative of her beliefs. (2004)Additionally, in conducting research for their article whiteness Male Teachers on Differences Narratives of Contact and Tensions, Jupp and Slattery note the comments of one of the participants in the research project as stating teachers are certainly biased against certain children, particularly if they dont know them, and often are surprised at the amount of intelligence and cultural awareness of minority children who have been raised(a) in quote-unquote the right way, you know, the middle class family type of situation (2010) A teacher holding this ideology, for example, is likely to engage students in an inferior level of inquiry because the teachers assumption is that such students are unable(predicate) of critical thinking.Jupp and Slattery also noted in the interview of participants (Ibid), you can see that people are going out of their way to be sure that students dont feel divorced from the curriculum This translates to teachers beliefs that if the emphasis is displace on inquiry and specifically science fair projects, which requires a outstanding deal of time it will be at the expense of teaching for high stake standardized tests. Finally, Wallace and Kang, (2004) in their article An Investigation of Experienced Secondary Science Teachers Beliefs About Inquiry An Examination of Competing Beliefs Sets, note that the teachers knowledge, or lack thereof, dictates his or her actions in the classroom. 2004) Therefore, it is clear to me both in my own experiences in the field of education and based upon the literature the possession of strong content k nowledge, as well as research and science teaching experience, is essential to the effective teaching of inquiry, since a teacher that possesses this necessary skill set is better equipped to help students develop their ideas through probing at a deeper level.The use of science fair projects, therefore, is a key bridge in this knowledge gap, since science fair allows students the ability to conduct their own scientific research and develop their own scientific hypotheses. Barriers to Inquiry Studies show that there exist many barriers bear on the implementation of inquiry. For example, Trautmann, MaKinster, and Avery, in their article What Makes Inquiry so Hard (And why is it Worth it? ), cite that the main reason teachers are reluctant to implement inquiry stems from the need to be efficient. 2004)Teachers feel they have to choose between teaching facts which students later regurgitate on standardized tests, and teaching with a focus on in-depth learning, which is more effectively attained through inquiry and specifically through science fair projects. Trautmann, MaKinster and Avery also noted that the extort placed upon teachers and schools to prepare students for high stake standardized tests impedes the implementation of inquiry in science classes. (Ibid) As a result, science teachers feel the need to maintain control of their classroom, as a method of controlling the curriculum required for standardized tests, rather than allow students to work independently on science fair projects.Another obstacle hampering the implementation of authentic scientific inquiry teaching and specifically the implementation of science fair projects is that teachers have a tendency to employ the same teaching strategies as the ones they see as students. (Davis, 2003) As such, they resist change and miss the opportunity to be innovative in their teaching by incorporating inquiry into their curriculum especially with respect to science fair projects. Further, teacher trai ning, in general, does not tour an effective model for the practice of science instruction based on inquiry. As a consequence, teachers are limited in their ability to drive out authentic inquiry, in general, in their classrooms. This inability to teach via authentic inquiry prohibits them from adopting science fair projects as part of their curriculum.

Code of Ethics ( Automobile Industry )

Subject clientele Ethics Project ONZAA Automobiles Dated 20/04/2012 Submitted To Sir Assad Submitted By Muhammad Naeem ( 068 ) Muhammad Adeel Kahlid ( 021 ) Adil Farooq ( 039 ) Umar Sadiq ( 041 ) Muhammad Ziad Iftikhar ( 032 ) DepartmentManagement Table of contents Introduction05 Guiding Principles at ONZAA.. 6 What is the ONZAA edict of Conduct07 ONZAA AND US.. 08 OUR ACTIVITIES IN THE federation.. 09 1. deference with laws and regulations10 2. aim and Management of Assets and Confidential Matters10 3. Insider trade. 10 4. Activities promoting natural rubber.. 11 5. environsal preservation manageivities. 11 6.Research and increment Activities. 11 7. Production and dispersal Activities. 12 8. Sales Activities.. 12 9. Overseas stemma Activities.. 13 10. advantageousness Enhancement Activities. 13 SOCIETY AND US14 1. integrated Communication Activities.. 14 2. liberality and Community Relations14 3.Corporate Communication Activities.. 15 4. Sh atomic number 18holder R elations. 15 5. Political and ghostlike Activities. 15 6. Government Relations16 7. Traffic Safety knowledge Activities16 8. Disaster Pr flattion and Crime Pr resultant roleion Activities. 16 With Our avocation Partners. 17 1. Social accountability. 17 2.Sustainable Relationships. 17 3. Global procurance. 17 4. Business Continuity conception.. 17 Integrity in the Workplace18 Fair interposition and Respect18 1. exist Employment Opportunity 18 2. Health and Safety 18 hi-fi Information, Records, and Communications19 Treat Every adept with Respect. 0 Gifts, Favors and Conflicts of Interest. 21 death.. 24 References.. 25 Introduction Since our founding, we fuck off incessantly pursue the culture of products that offer superior time valuate and establish to an affluent lifespan port for our customers. The Suzuki name and our current lineup of products, consisting mostly of motorcycles, automobiles, show upboards, electric vehicles, etc. , is complaisance by m twain non simply domestic tout ensemble(pre nominative)y, but as a spheric brand in countries without the world.We believe that in commit to bear on our headache activities and go on to hold the assertion and respect, it is important to will the customer with satisfaction finished our observed products, be unobjectionableing obeying the rules, and show transp argonnce in free activities as a global merged citizen. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has create more and more prominent and as expound pre-previously, we fully acknowledge its meaning and importance. Corporate Social Responsibility to Suzuki is providing our customers with products of value and above all, obeying the laws and rules, and acting charming and in safe(p) faith.In a denomination Compliance in its Literal sense. We mustiness(prenominal) maintain the self-assurance of our customers, commercial enterprise concern partners, investors, topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic communiti es, employees and other s meditateholders, and shit solid relationships through respectfulness. Our first surroundal Report has been published since 1999. Last year, with the sum of loving aspects, we published our Environmental and Social Report. From this year we present ONZAAs CSR Concepts and Activities, in a more(prenominal) comprehensive and systematic format so that more sight squirt read with greater interest.We hope that this report put forwards the reader with a total hazard to examine our CSR activities. Guiding Principles at ONZAA 1. Honor the language and scent of the law of every nation and undertake cle ard and fair bodily activities to be a good incorporated citizen of the world. 2. Respect the culture and customs duty duty of every nation and contribute to economic and mixer development through corporate activities in the communities. 3. Dedicate ourselves to providing clear(p) and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere thro ugh all our activities. . Create and develop advanced technologies and exit spectacular products and services that follow up the needs of customers world unspecific. 5. Foster a corporate culture that nurtures individual creativity and team manoeuvre value, tour honoring plebeian curse and respect between labor and management. 6. Pursue growth in conformity with the global club through innovative management. 7. Work with avocation partners in research and creation to contact perpetual, long-term growth and mutual benefits, sequence keeping ourselves open to new partnerships.What is the ONZAA Code of Conduct? Our daily business sector operations atomic number 18 built on and supported by the corporate philosophy and its Values and methods that shed certain through years of busy effort and passed down from Generation to generation through ONZAA MOTOR tidy sum and its subsidiaries ( ONZAA). ONZAA & US through and through our communication and dialogue with the fa mily, we ( passel black marketings for ONZAA) arrive at to variant and share fundamental value of plebeian Trust and Mutual Responsibility.ONZAA (ONZAA MOTORCORPORATION and its subsidiaries) strives to improve its business discoverments so that ONZAA apprise continue to provide employment and air and stable plumping conditions for each of us. Simultaneously, ONZAA set aheads a work environment in which each of us can work in harmonious and dynamic manner. In return, each of us implement the ONZAA Code of Conduct and endeavor to fulfill our duties with integrity. By fully utilizing our ability and capabilities and cooperating with others working for ONZAA, we continue to improve the business performance of ONZAA.OUR ACTIVITIES IN THE COMPANY ground on a philosophy of Customer First, ONZAA strives to provide hypnotic products and services that meet the needs of customers worldwide. ONZAA withal seeks to achieve the top-level world timeworn in environmental protection and sentry duty measures. In these regard, ONZAA is unfolding chivalrous plans twain domestically and abroad concerning environment and gumshoe, and in relation to research, development, procurement, production, distribution, gross r chargeue and services.When carrying out our work, each of us should all be aware that our work is linked to all of the business activities of the federation. In this regard, ONZAA does not tolerate outlaw(prenominal) or wretched acts or acts in violation of the telephoner polity and rules, regardless of whether such acts were motivated in the interests of the confederation or in the interests of the customer. We should stick to with the law and should always act with awareness and responsibility.We should arise to the challenge of solving the m either issues that arise, as customer needs shift and as progress is made in Toyotas globalization, such as mastering of the worlds most advanced technologies, establishing the worlds most suitable pro curement and tote up networks, meeting environmental and safe standards, and improving customer satisfaction. 1. Compliance with laws and regulations ONZAA will comply with applicable laws, intrinsic company policies and rules, abide by sound Social norms, and take eliminate action against any illegal or criminal acts or act in violation of The confederacys policies and rules.ONZAA will not aro affair any exceptions to this commitment, regardless of whether an unlawful act is motivated in the interests of the company or in the interests of the customer, or carried out under the instruction manual of ones superior. We should implement the ONZAA Code of Conduct and distinguish a commitment to comply with applicable laws, as head as intrinsic company policies and rules, and to abide by sound social norms in all aspects of our work. 2. Use and Management of Assets and Confidential Matters Ensuring asset maintenance and confidentiality managementONZAA possesses a wide variety o f tangible and intangible assets that are indispensable and invaluable to its thriving business operations. In request for ONZAA to use such assets effectively and at any time during the course of its business activities, ONZAA manages such assets with a rigid hand in articulate to prevent such assets from being lost, stolen or used illegally or wrongfully. ONZAA endeavors to manage and protect confidential culture (e. g. , its trade secrets) and tousle such data in an book manner.At the same time, ONZAA does not tolerate the illegal use of other partys assets or intellectual property or the unauthorized use of another partys confidential information. We must manage and protect ONZAAs assets, intellectual property, company secrets (such astride secrets etc. ) and someoneal information, as well as respect the assets, intellectual property and confidential information of others. 3. Insider trading ONZAA possesses a large amount of valuable internal (confidential) information and does no tallow people working for it to study in insider trading, such as victimization confidential information to buy and/or sell stocks.We must understand that insider trading is clearly not permitted. Not single is it illegal in many countries, but it alike destroys the mutual trust that ONZAA has built with its investors, connected companies and business partners. in that respectfore, we shall not engage in or permit any insider trading. 4. Activities promoting safety For an automotive manufacturing company such as ONZAA, the pursuit of safer vehicles is always one of its main challenges and tutelage.ONZAA endeavors as a group, in cooperation with our suppliers and dealers, to engage in research and development, design, production, quality control and after- sales services in ordinate to ingest its customers ONZAA and/or Lexus vehicles that display sophisticated safety levels under motley conditions and that provide a comfortable experience for drivers. ONZAA wil l in addition be actively involved with People Education (i. e. , Driver Education) and with improving the Traffic Environment. We should endeavor to think from the standpoint of our customers and pursue ways to make vehicles safer and offer our customers safety and trust. . Environmental preservation activities ONZAA has a deep understanding of the necessity of environmental conservation on a global scale. Therefore, ONZAA has decided to dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities (Guiding Principles 3). Furthermore, ONZAA has developed a proactive insurance policy and plans to assure continual advantages in environmental performance in the ONZAA Earth Charter and ONZAA Environmental Action Plan.ONZAA regards environmental issues as one of the companys major challenges and takes environmental impact into consideration at all life-cycle stages of its vehicles, including development, production, usage and disposal. ONZAA promotes compliance with global environmental standards, implementation of enhanced environmental assessments, and realizing the principle of building people and environmentally friendly vehicles in cooperation with its suppliers, dealers, etc. We must endeavor to action the highest level of environmental stewardship in each country and area. . Research and Development Activities Developing vehicles from the standpoint of our customers In commit to provide innovative, safe and outstanding high-quality products and services that meet the needs of customers through research and innovation, ONZAA has launch research and development centers around the world. These centers are well-staffed with leading innovators and actively support with other ONZAA group companies, as well as universities and research institutes, in order to strongly promote research and evelopment of advanced technologies in various fields. ONZAA does not tolerate research and developme nt that violates any applicable laws or breaches of its agreements with its research and development partners. ONZAA also does not tolerate the illegal or unauthorized use of another partys intellectual property. Our remnant is to develop vehicles from the customers linear perspective and to promote research and development. We respect the views of our research and development partners and seek to cultivate and maintain mutual trust.In addition, we use our best efforts to build a relationship of mutual trust by satisfying our obligations to our partners. We shall be mindful of respecting the intellectual property rights of others when conducting research and development and when realizing production. 7. Production and Distribution Activities ONZAA endeavors to produce high-quality ONZAA and Lexus vehicles and part and deliver them in an efficient manner in order to meet customers expectations.In order to realize such production and supply goals, ONZAA endeavors to build the worlds optimum production network and a global distribution network. In addition, in order to enhance the global competitiveness of ONZAA and Lexus vehicles, ONZAA developed the Toyota Production System, which continues to evolve according to the referenceistics of situation regions of the world and aims to achieve worker and environmentally friendly plants. We endeavor to maintain the safety and quality of products and to comply with laws related to production and distribution. 8.Sales Activities Winning the trust of customers and dealers Based on the follo temptg three ideas, ONZAA strives to build a sales and service organize that meets various customer needs in a well-timed manner. In order to achieve such structure, ONZAA endeavors to build relationships with dealers base on mutual trust, and to bring mutual growth and support for fair competition and transactions. (a) Philosophy of Customer First Based on a Customer First philosophy, ONZAA strives to create a sale and service s tructure that promptly opposes to the various needs of customers world wide.To achieve this, ONZAA develops products that meet customer expectations and implements a marketing strategy and sales style that matches the product profiles and various customer needs. (b) Mutual growth establish on mutual trust ONZAA develops and provides attractive product lineups, various styles of dealer showrooms and sales styles, and a meticulous customer and revenue management system. ONZAA does this to contribute to the improvement of sales efficiency and increaseability of its dedicated dealers, to build mutual trust and to bring mutual growth. c) Importance of fair market competition ONZAA regard free trade and market competition, implements ambitious sales strategies in order to obtain customer satisfaction and support in various areas of the world, and endeavors to engage in fair competition and transactions. We conduct our sales activities with the above ideas in mind. 9. Overseas Business Activities To run a global company rely worldwide ONZAA engages in business worldwide and many of its activities are conducted outdoor(a) Japan, including not and manufacturing activities, but also research and development.ONZAA get bys the ever-changing environment surrounding its business operations, global diversity, the specificity of each local area in terms of its own rules and customs, etc. , and the rapid changes in world political and economic climate. ONZAA respects international rules and laws, as well as the culture, customs and storey of local societies. Thus, ONZAA promotes its business activities from both a global and local standpoint so as to contribute to the development of local economies and society.We contribute to expansion of ONZAAs business overseas by respecting the culture, customs and history of each country, as well as national, regional and international laws and rules. 10. Profitability Enhancement Activities Building a stronger profit foundation In order to respond to the expectations of investors and society, ONZAA endeavors to perform various measures to improve business management efficiency, achieve sustainable increases in profit and strengthen the foundation of its management and profit. When ascertain investments or financing for various domestic and overseas realizes.SOCIETY & US Through its business, ONZAA creates close relationships with society and its stakeholders (customers, shareholders, local communities, etc. ). Based on the underlying understanding that as a member of society, the company engages in business that contributes to society, ONZAA operates its business in an open and fair manner. Through active populace relations activities, investor relations and philanthropy, ONZAA aims to be a good corporate citizen that is trusted by the international society. ONZAAs business is expanding chop-chop worldwide.ONZAA feels that the support and trust of stakeholders in ONZAA has helped the company real ize such expansion, and ONZAA should not forget gratitude towards its stakeholders. Thus, ONZAA will respond strictly with respect to illegal or criminal acts and acts that are not socially give birthable, regardless of whether job-related or whether in private situation. ONZAA also strongly desires that the people working for ONZAA, a company engaged in automotive business, are aware of traffic safety and lead safe and pleasant lives. We support ONZAAs aim to become a good corporate citizen that is trusted by the international community.We strive to communicate openly and fairly with stakeholders, to gain more ONZAA fans, as well as to engage in activities that contribute to societys sustainable development. We must also act, at all times, including when carrying out our works, in a manner that does not provoke unnecessary misunderstanding or misapprehensions, and to act with humility, honesty, and integrity. Regardless of whether at work or in a private situtation, we should pay careful attention to traffic safety, obtain basic legal knowledge, and be aware of common social protocol.We need to do this so that we can be sensitive to illegal or criminal acts or acts that are against societys common morals, and take swift and forceful actions against such acts. 1. Corporate Communication Activities Communicating facts in an consummate and timely fashion Being Open and Fair -In order to become an open company and win the trust of society, ONZAA strives to communicate accurate and timely information to its stakeholders through active public relations and public dialogue, so as to enhance its corporate image and enhancer.ONZAA listens to and respects its stakeholders criticisms and suggestions, and incorporates these as book into its business. We endeavor to build positive relationships with stakeholders through open and fair communication. 2. Philanthropy and Community Relations Becoming a corporate citizen trusted by international society -Towards attaining an enriched society and sustainable development, ONZAA, in cooperation with society, strives to effectively use its resources and to engage in activities contributing to society.Such activities are aimed at alleviating societal problems or issues and include initiatives with respect to the nurturing of personnel, the environment, and traffic safety. As a global company, ONZAA contributes to creating a sustainable society from the broad perspective of the future of the earth and humanity. As a good corporate citizen, ONZAA also focuses on local communities and focuses on social issues that each local community faces and endeavors to resolve such social issues. As members of the local community, we will take an interest in and gain awareness of local social issues.Based on such awareness, we will actively take part in freehearted initiatives such as volunteer activities. 3. Corporate Communication Activities Communicating facts in an accurate and timely fashion Being Open and Fair -In order to become an open company and win the trust of society, ONZAA strives to communicate accurate and timely information to its stakeholders through active public relations and public dialogue, so as to enhance its corporate image and transparency. ONZAA listens to and respects its stakeholders criticisms and suggestions, and incorporates these as appropriate into its business.We endeavor to build positive relationships with stakeholders through open and fair communication. 4. Shareholder Relations Respect for shareholders benefit In order to respond to the expectations of shareholders and investors worldwide, ONZAA strives to operate its business globally and to enhance corporate value, while achieving stable and long-term growth. ONZAA considers relationships with investors to be important, and through timely and fair investor relationship activities, endeavors to promote understanding of its corporate management and business activities.As for corporate governance, ONZAA str ives to enhance the transparency of its management and actively incorporates management -checks conducted by independent parties. We endeavor to contribute, through our work, to ONZAAs efforts to meet the expectations of its shareholders and investors worldwide. 5. Political and Religious Activities Moderate participation In the absence of any muckle of concern (e. g. , such as the contingency that the activity will hinder the conduct of business), ONZAA respects participation in politics by people working for ONZAA and does not, in any way, intervene with individuals religious activities.However, these are private activities and, in principle, they cannot be conducted on company premises or in company time. We respect the rights of other people working for ONZAA to figure in political and religious activities in a moderate manner. 6. Government Relations Maintaining proper and transparent relations ONZAA strives to build transparent and fair relationships with political parties or administrative bodies ( political relation agencies and public officials) and takes appropriate actions to comply with applicable laws and regulations.We maintain healthy and transparent relationships with political and administrative bodies and public officials. 7. Traffic Safety Education Activities Improve traffic safety awareness of society as a whole In order to help create a safe and comfortable society, in addition to pursuit of safer vehicles, ONZAA actively promotes traffic safety education activities designed for at onces realities. ONZAA strives to enhance traffic safety awareness not only among people working for ONZAA, but within society as a whole.Recognizing the responsibilities of a company engaged in the automobile industry, we abide by traffic rules, and endeavor to be role models by safe whimsical and actively promoting traffic safety. 8. Disaster Prevention and Crime Prevention Activities initiation of a safe society ONZAA, in cooperation with the local com munity, engages in casualty prevention activities and contributes to the recovery of local communities in the event of an actual tragedy. ONZAA actively engages in crime prevention activities and the promotion of a safe society.Each one of us will maintain high moral standards and actively participate in the creation of a safe society. With Our Business Partners 1. Social Responsibility We feel that the highest priority must be placed on our mission statement Develop products of superior value by focusing on the customer when contributing to society. And in creating products of value, it is our belief that the procurement sections role is to work in mutual cooperation with our business partners so that both parties whitethorn prosper.We select our business partners through an impartial procedure based on quality, cost, deadline delivery, and technical development capabilities. And we give way an open door policy, which offers the incur of teaming up with ONZAA regardless of siz e or track learn. 2. Sustainable Relationships In creating trusting relationships with our business partners we hope to build sustainable relationships. And because we feel that mutual communication is an important part of this, we promote the sharing of ideas not only with the top management but also among middle management and project heads, etc. . Global Procurement We are working to develop stronger global procurement activities by working with global manufacturing bases. Procurement activities in the outgoing were mainly focused on individual bases, but we have shifted to a more global approach to obtain the most suitable parts at competitive prices. This benefits not only ONZAA, but also our business partners who benefit with volume order stability, and also give way to the ingathering of technology. By sharing these merits we can build more confident relationships. 4. Business Continuity PlanIn addition to earthquake-proof reinforcing of individual office buildings, we hav e started compilation of a business continuity plan (BCP). We also recognize our responsibility to local communities, our business partners and customers for being prepared for large-scale disasters, including earthquakes, and commend quakeproofing measures to our partners located in areas that are likely to experience heavy damage. We are also prepared to aid our business partners in their recovery if they should settle down victim to such disaster. Integrity in the Workplace Fair Treatment and RespectWe hire, promote, train, and pay based on merit, experience, or other work-related criteria. We value the wide range of backgrounds of our employees. Our diversity is a strength in the increasingly diverse marketplace. And we strive to create work environments that lead and tolerate differences while promoting productivity and teamwork. Each of us is responsible for creating and maintaining a productive work environment where the dignity of all employees is respected. 1. Equal Empl oyment Opportunity ONZAA is connected to equal employment opportunity.ONZAA extends employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees and strives to maintain oeuvre environments free of discrimination, hostility and physical or verbal harassment with respect to age, race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, or being a disabled veteran, a veteran of the Vietnam Era, or other covered veterans. ONZAA employees are entitled to a work environment free from conduct that even appears disrespectful.Certain jokes, cartoons, pictures, language, gestures, and touching whitethorn offend people and may result in a hostile work environment, which ONZAA does not tolerate. 2. Health and Safety ONZAAs overriding priority is to protect the health and safety of each employee. We all have a stake in a healthy, injury-free work environment that protects the health and safety of each employee. We should not compromise any p ersons well-being in anything we do. This means following procedures for reducing adventure risks, and it means using equipment safely.It means following safe workplace practices ? no exceptions, no shortcuts. It means promptly voicing safety concerns to supervisors, so we can correct situations that may endanger employees. Dont assume that a safety hazard has been reported take responsibility for reporting it yourself. ONZAA encourages employees to continue safe practices immaterial of the office, such as following safe tearaway(a) practices wearing your seatbelt annuling distractions (cell phones and texting) not driving while impaired and obeying traffic laws and fixture limits.Accurate Information, Records, and Communications Intentionally creating or inserting false or misleading information in any ONZAA financial or other business videotape is strictly prohibited. Inaccurate information leads to bad decisions by ONZAA. And our customers, suppliers, investors, business p artners, communities, and government officials rely on us for accurate information. All business records are to be maintained accurately. Whenever an inaccuracy finds its way into a record, it should be corrected and, where appropriate, the reasons for the study should be noted.This is also important in engineering records. An inaccurate record is an open loop. We need to close the loop by clarifying and supplementing the open loop record with the accurate data or discretion. We must also ensure that ONZAAs business records are available to meet the companys business needs, including legal and tax requirements. Thats why we must comply with ONZAAs Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) policies in creating, managing, and disposing of all ONZAA records. Be alert to and observe Litigation Holds. These are instructions from the LegalStaff requiring that certain records be retained beyond normal retention periods for legal or compliance reasons. Failure to comply with Litigation Hold s can result in secure harm to ONZAA and its employees. It is unlawful to destroy, conceal, alter, or falsify any ONZAA business or other record, document, or object for the purpose of obstructing or influencing any pillowcase or other legal or governmental proceeding or investigation. The ONZAA Information Security constitution and Practices provide guidance on the variety and protection of ONZAA information.The ONZAA ILM policies provide guidance on creating, maintaining, and disposing of all ONZAA records containing ONZAA information, and for the Acceptable Use Practices that govern use of ONZAA information resources. These policies also apply to those third parties, including engagement workers, who have access to ONZAA information. Each of us must learn and comply with ONZAA Information Security and Information Lifecycle Management policies and Acceptable Use Practices applicable to our jobs.This includes everything from securing workstations, to keeping passwords secret, and much more. Treat Everyone With Respect Remember that customers, colleagues, supervisors, suppliers and competitors may have access to whatever you post. These individuals reflect a diverse set of customs, value and viewpoints. Offensive, demeaning, abusive or inappropriate remarks are as out-of-place online as they are offline. You are expected to abide by the same standards of behavior both in the workplace and in your social media communications.Be assured That Your Online Communications expedition Fast, Remain Forever and Are Usually NOT Private There are no secrets on the Internet. Information you may think you have protected as private on some social media sites may be accessed by others. Make sure you will have no regrets about what you said or did online if a reporter, a telling or your manager were to view it. If you are still unclear what actions are considered to be a violation of ONZAA policy, please refer to the Social Media Policy?Whether you are using email, vo ice mail, or social media channels, never make any illegal, un good, unauthorized, or disruptive use of ONZAA information systems or equipment. This includes, for example, accessing, transmitting, or storing inappropriate material (e. g. , pornography, depicted nudity, lewd or violent materials, stove letters, sexually oriented jokes or cartoons, or other offensive/demeaning material related to age, race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation).Violations will composition you to disciplinary action up to and including discharge. If you get an inappropriate message, or are confronted with instances of unethical business practices or behavior, report it to your leader, or contact the Aware line. Gifts, Favors and Conflicts of Interest Do not use your position at the telephoner to privately enrich yourself or others (such as family or friends). In fact, you should avoid situations that could even look to outsiders as if you are doing something impr oper. Never ask for a sacrifice or favor from an individual or organization that does business with the caller, or is actively seeking to do business with the Company. Accept a give way or favor that is freely offered by suppliers, dealers, and others only if it is of nominal value, involves a normal sales promotion, advertising, or publicity, and thither is a true business purpose. In the United States, $50 is considered to be nominal value. analyse your local appendix, or ask your Human resources articulation to find out what is considered nominal value in your country. Never accepts any of the following types of portrays or favors from an individual or organization that does business with the Company, or is actively seeking to do business with the Company Cash, gift certificates, or a gift of packaged alcohol (including beer or wine) Tickets to any event, unless the supplier is in attendance and the situation meets all other entertainment limitations A loan, unless it is from a perpetual financial institution on normal terms Discounts on goods or services, unless the supplier makes them generally available to all employees in the Company Gifts or other donations for parties or social events attended principally by Company personnel (for example, retirement or holiday parties) Return inappropriate gifts with a polite note explaining the Companys policy. If it is not possible or practical for you to return the gift, consult your local Human r resources representative to determine what to do with the gift. Ask if you are not sure if something is appropriate.You may ask your manager, your local Human resources representative, the office of the General Counsel, or your local legal office. Know and follow Company policies regarding accepting refreshments, entertainment, and other social events associated with your work at the Company You may accept refreshments provided by a supplier while attending a business meeting. You may accept only one me al per quarter per supplier. You may accept only one meal per week, in total, from all suppliers. You may accept up to two entertainment events (such as a golf outing, or a sporting, theatrical, or cultural event) per calendar year, per supplier, provided that the supplier is in attendance and the event does not require extensive travel or an overnight stay. Do not attend an event that involves adult entertainment when you are on Company business. Do not travel on a suppliers aircraft or vehicle for transportation unless it is an authorized Company business trip (such as a trip to a suppliers plant for a Quality review, or a local social event that complies with the Companys entertainment policies). Additionally, any travel on a suppliers aircraft must meet the requirements of directive. Although you may accept invitations from multiple suppliers, remember that frequent acceptance of gifts or invitations (even if within policy limitations) may create an appearance of impropriety . You may accept a gift while at a supplier-paid event, as long as the gift is of nominal value.Remember, prizes given out at such events are considered gifts. Therefore, you may not accept a prize of greater than nominal value, even if you win a contest to qualify for the prize. See your local appendix, or ask your Human resources representative to find out what is considered nominal value in your country. Use good judgment when you are offered gifts or invitations. If there is any disbelieve whether the conduct is appropriate, you should consult your Human resources represented d o not act on behalf of the Company with an organization in which you or a family member has a financial interest, or which employs a family member or close friend. Do not give advantageous treatment, and avoid a situation that would raise the suspicion of preferential treatment. bear on with your management, Human resources representative, or the office of the General Counsel or your local legal offi ce about any questionable situation. Do not use any nonpublic information gained through the Company for your in-person advantage, or to enable others to profit from it. For example do not profit from a business transaction in which the circumstances indicate that the opportunity belongs to the Company. do not disclose any Company information outside the Company, including financial, product, or bid information, prior to its authorized release. If you are a stipendiary employee, obtain prior written approval from the Company for the following circumstances Before working or performing services for an organization with which the Company does business Before becoming a director, officer, or consultant of any other business For employees who are ll 5 (or its equivalent) or above, before becoming a director, officer, or consultant of a nonprofit or compassionate organization (such as the United Way or a disaster relief organization) at the national level, or before accepting a local position (in a similar organization) that has high, community-wide visibility Consult with your local Human r sources representative before you act, if you are in doubt about how this policy affects you. Ive or pay your own way. Conclusion We strive to act with personal and institutional integrity in the workplace, the marketplace, and the communities where we live.We must all understand and apply our values and policies to ensure that we compete and win with integrity. Winning with Integrity poses a challenge to each of us. It requires strength of character to act when the easier course would be to ignore the problem. We can all fulfill our responsibilities by * Following Winning with Integrity, ONZAAs Code of Conduct * nurture potential instances of misconduct to leaders * Giving feedback on problem areas and suggesting improvements to leadership * Listening to the concerns of customers, co-workers, dealers, and suppliers and Making sure this information gets proper at tention and * Conducting ourselves with the highest ethical standards.Employees who violate these requirements are subject to disciplinary action that, in the judgment of management, is appropriate to the nature of the violation, which may include termination of employment. Employees may also be subject to civil and criminal penalties if the law has been violated. References 1. http//www. toyota-global. com/company/vision_philosophy/pdf/code_of_conduct. pdf 2. http//www. mitsubishicorp. com/jp/en/about/philosophy/pdf/conduct100624e. pdf 3. http//corporate. ford. com/doc/corporate_conduct_standards. pdf 4. http//www. globalsuzuki. com/corp_info/environmental/pdf/2005_env_soc_report_e. pdf 5. http//www. gm. com/content/dam/gmcom/COMPANY/Investors/Corporate_Governance/PDFs/Winning_With_Integrity. pdf

An Analysis of The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood

The handmaids Tale Marg atomic string along 18t A bothod Con school text Margargont Atwood was born in Ottawa, Ontario, on November 18, 1939. She published her first book of poetry in 1961 stop consonant att closeing the University of Toronto. She later received degrees from both Radcliffe College and Harvard University, and pursued a occupational conclave in teaching at the university level. Her first novel, The Edible Wo part, was published in 1969 to wide acclaim. Atwood continued teaching as her literary attenti angiotensin converting enzymer blos roundd. She has lectu trigger-happy wide and has served as a writer-inresidence at colleges ranging from the University of Toronto to Macquarie University in Australia.Atwood wrote The retainers Tale in West Berlin and Alabama in the mid-1980s. The novel, published in 1986, quickly became a topper-seller. The servants Tale f boths forthright within the twentieth-century tradition of anti-utopian, or dystopian novels, exemplified by stratumics comparable Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and George Orwells 1984. Novels in this genre represent imagined universes and societies that atomic number 18 non ideals, on the merelyton now instead be terrifying or restrictive. Atwoods novel offers a strongly wo workforces liberationist vision of dystopia.She wrote it curtly after the elections of Ronald Reagan in the United States and Marg art Thatcher in Great Britain, during a period of conservative revival in the West partly fueled by a strong, well-organized move workforcet of religious conservatives who criticized what they perceived as the excesses of the knowledgeable novelty of the 1960s and 1970s. The growing power of this religious right heightened feminist fears that the gains women had fare up in previous decades would be reversed. In The Handmaids Tale, Atwood explores the consequences of a reversal of womens rights.In the novels nightmare origination of Gilead, a group of conservative rel igious extremists has taken power and turned the versed revolution on its head. Feminists argued for liberation from traditional sex roles, besides Gilead is a community founded on a return to traditional values and gender roles, and on the subjugation of women by men. What feminists conside bolshie the great triumphs of the 1970snamely, widespread gate focusing to contraception, the well-groundedization of spontaneous abortion, and the increasing political influence of fe priapic voters obligate tout ensemble been und wizard. Women in Gilead are non provided command to vote, they are command to read or write.Atwoods novel in addition paints a impression of a military personnel und unrivalled by pollution and infertility, reflecting 1980s fears active declining birthrates, the dangers of nuclear power, and -environmental degradation. Some of the novels c at nonpareil clockrns chew the fatm dated today, and its unsaid condemnation of the political finales of Amer icas religious conservatives has been criticized as partial and e trulywherely paranoid. Nonetheless, The Handmaids Tale remains one of the well-nigh powerful late portrayals of a totalistic company, and one of the some dystopian novels to examine in expand the intersection of politics and versedity.The novels exploration of the contr everywheresial politics of reproductive memory seems correspondingly to guarantee Atwoods novel a readership well into the twenty-first century. Atwood lives in Toronto with novelist Graeme Gibson and their lady friend, Jess. Her ab turn up recent novel, The Blind Assassin, won Great Britains Booker Prize for writings in 2000. Plot Overview Offred is a Handmaid in the res in the public eye(predicate)a of Gilead, a undemocratic and theocratic realm that has re modeld the United States of America. Because of sedately low reproduction rates, Handmaids are appoint to go kidskinren for elite couples that constitute trouble conceiving.O ffred serves the commandant and his wife, Serena pleasance, a spring gospel singer and advocate for traditional values. Offred is non the narrators real number nameHandmaid name calling be of the word of followed by the name of the Handmaids commander. Every month, when Offred is at the right point in her menstrual cycle, she m aged(prenominal)iness beget electroneutral, dumb sex with the air force policeman duration Serena sits behind her, directing her hands. Offreds license, like the immunity of all women, is completely restricted.She puke leave the house scarcely on give away trips, the door to her means provoke non be completely shut, and the look, Gileads clandestine police force, watch her every public move. As Offred dictates the horizontal surface of her daily life, she frequently slips into flashbacks, from which the reader arsehole reconstruct the neverthelessts leading up to the beginning of the novel. In the obsolete world, originally Gilea d, Offred had an affair with Luke, a espouse man. He divorced his wife and married Offred, and they had a child unitedly. Offreds m otherwisewise was a single render and feminist activist. Offreds best friend, Moira, was fiercely independent.The architects of Gilead began their rise to power in an age of readily in stock(predicate) pornography, prostitution, and violence against womenwhen pollution and chemical spills led to declining fertility rates. victimisation the military, they kill the president and members of Congress and launched a coup, claiming that they were pickings power temporarily. They cracked big money on womens rights, forbidding women to hold property or jobs. Offred and Luke in like mannerk their girlfriend and attempted to flee across the b coif into Canada, that they were caught and separated from one a nonher, and Offred has seen neither her husband nor her daughter since. later on her capture, Offreds marriage was voided (because Luke had been divorced), and she was sent to the Rachel and Leah Re-education Center, called the exit Center by its inhabitants. At the center, women were indoctrinated into Gileads ideology in eagerness for be glide slope Handmaids. aunty Lydia supervised the women, giving oral communicationes extolling Gileads beliefs that women should be slavish to men and alone concerned with bearing children. aunty Lydia to a fault argued that much(prenominal) a social order ultimately offers women to a greater extent respect and sentry go than the old, pre-Gilead hostel offered them.Moira is brought to the rosy Center, exclusively she explodes, and Offred does non know what conk let ons of her. Once assigned to the air force officers house, Offreds life settles into a restrictive routine. She takes obtain trips with Ofglen, a nonher Handmaid, and they visit the ring extraneous what employ to be Harvard University, where the bodies of rebels hang. She must visit the doctor frequently to be checked for disease and other complications, and she must endure the Ceremony, in which the commandant reads to the family line from the upstarts, and then goes to the bed direction, where his married fair sex and Offred wait for him, and has sex with Offred.The first break from her routine occurs when she visits the doctor and he offers to have sex with her to make her pregnant, pointing that her air force officer is probably infertile. She refuses. The doctor makes her uneasy, entirely his proposition is as well riskyshe could be sent away if caught. after a Ceremony, the Commander sends his gardener and chauffeur, knap, to ask Offred to come see him in his study the following night. She begins visiting him regularly. They play Scrabble (which is forbidden, since women are not allowed to read), and he lets her look at old magazines like Vogue.At the end of these privy(p) coming upons, he asks her to kiss him. During one of their shopping trips, Ofglen recrudesces t o Offred that she is a member of Mayday, an hole-and-corner(a) organization dedicated to overthrowing Gilead. Meanwhile, Offred begins to find that the Ceremony olfactions different and less im private now that she knows the Commander. Their night cartridge holder conversations begin to touch on the new order that the Commander and his fellow leaders have created in Gilead. When Offred admits how unhappy she is, the Commander remarks, You fecest make an omelette without breaking eggs. afterward some sentence has gone by without Offred becoming pregnant, Serena suggests that Offred have sex with come off in secret and pass the child off as the Commanders. Serena promises to cash in ones chips Offred a date of her daughter if she sleeps with knap, and Offred realizes that Serena has eer kn have got the where slightlys of Offreds daughter. The equivalent night that Offred is to sleep with snick, the Commander secretly takes her out to a ennead called Jezebels, where the Commanders mingle with prostitutes. Offred sees Moira forgeing in that respect. The two women meet in a bathroom, and Offred elates that Moira was captured just before she crossed the border.She chose life in Jezebels over be sent to the Colonies, where close to political prisoners and dangerous pot are sent. After that night at Jezebels, Offred says, she never sees Moira again. The Commander takes Offred upstairs after a few hours, and they have sex in what apply to be a hotel room. She tries to feign passion. Soon after Offred returns from Jezebels, late at night, Serena arrives and give tongue tos Offred to go to Nicks room. Offred and Nick have sex. Soon they begin to sleep to corroborateher frequently, without anyones knowledge.Offred survives caught up in the affair and ignores Ofglens requests that she gather discipline from the Commander for Mayday. iodine day, all the Handmaids take part in a group execution of a supposed rapist, supervised by aunty Lydia. Ofgl en strikes the first blow. Later, she tells Offred that the so-called rapist was a member of Mayday and that she hit him to impute him out of his misery. Shortly thereafter, Offred goes out shopping, and a new Ofglen meets her. This new woman is not part of Mayday, and she tells Offred that the old Ofglen hanged herself when she aphorism the secret police coming for her.At home, Serena has found out about Offreds trip to Jezebels, and she sends her to her room, promising punishment. Offred waits there, and she sees a black van from the Eyes approach. Then Nick comes in and tells her that the Eyes are really Mayday members who have come to save her. Offred leaves with them, over the Commanders futile objections, on her way either to prison or to freedomshe does not know which. The novel closes with an epilogue from 2195, after Gilead has fallen, indite in the form of a lecture given by prof Pieixoto. He explains the formation and customs of Gilead in objective, analytical languag e.He discusses the signifi behindce of Offreds story, which has turned up on cassette tapes in Bangor, Maine. He suggests that Nick set up Offreds escape but that her emergency after that is unknown. She could have get away to Canada or England, or she could have been recaptured. Character List Offred The narrator and wizard of The Handmaids Tale. Offred be abundants to the class of Handmaids, fertile women forced to bear children for elite, free couples. Handmaids portray which Commander owns them by adopting their Commanders label, much(prenominal) as Fred, and preceding them with Of. Offred remembers her real name but never reveals it. She no longer has family or friends, though she has flashbacks to a time in which she had a daughter and a husband named Luke. The cruel animal(prenominal) and psychological burdens of her daily life in Gilead pain her and pervade her record. depict an in-depth analysis of Offred. The Commander The Commander is the head of the househ old where Offred whole shebang as a Handmaid. He initiates an unorthodox relationship with Offred, secretly playing Scrabble with her in his study at night.He a good deal seems a decent, well-meaning man, and Offred sometimes finds that she likes him in spite of herself. He almost seems a victim of Gilead, making the best of a partnership he opposes. However, we necessitate from motley clues and from the epilogue that the Commander was rattling involved in innovation and establishing Gilead. Read an in-depth analysis of The Commander. Serena Joy The Commanders Wife, Serena worked in pre-Gilead days as a gospel singer, then as an anti-feminist activist and social reformer for traditional values. In Gilead, she sits at the top of the female social ladder, heretofore she is desperately unhappy. Serenas unhappiness shows that her restrictive, male-dominated society hind endnot bring happiness eve to its most pampered and powerful women. Serena jealously guards her claims t o status and behaves cruelly toward the Handmaids in her household. Read an in-depth analysis of Serena Joy. Moira Offreds best friend from college, Moira is a lesbian and a staunch feminist she embodies female reextractionfulness and independence. Her defiant nature contrasts starkly with the behavior of the other women in the novel.Rather than passively accept her fate as a Handmaid, she makes several escape attempts and finally manages to get away from the reddened Center. However, she is caught before she can get out of Gilead. Later, Offred occurs Moira working as a prostitute in a club for the Commanders. At the club, Moira seems resigned to her fate, which suggests that a totalistic society can grind down and crush nevertheless the most resourceful and independent people. Read an in-depth analysis of Moira. aunt Lydia The auntys are the class of women assigned to indoctrinate the Handmaids with the beliefs of the new society and make them accept their fates.Aunt Lydia works at the chromatic Center, the re? education center where Offred and other women go for instruction before becoming Handmaids. Although she appears only in Offreds flashbacks, Aunt Lydia and her instructions haunt Offred in her daily life. Aunt Lydias slogans and maxims ticktack the ideology of the new society into heads of the women, until even those like Offred, women who do not truly believe in the ideology, ascertain Gileads words utter in their heads. Nick Nick is a Guardian, a low-level officer of Gilead assigned to the Commanders home, where he works as a gardener and chauffeur.He and Offred have a knowledgeable chemistry that they get to take when Serena Joy orchestrates an encounter betwixt them in an effort to get Offred pregnant. After sleeping together once, they begin a covert sexual affair. Nick is not just a Guardian he may work either as a member of the Eyes, Gileads secret police, or as a member of the underground Mayday subway, or both. At the end of t he novel, Nick orchestrates Offreds escape from the Commanders home, but we do not know whether he puts her into the hands of the Eyes or the resistance.Ofglen other(prenominal) Handmaid who is Offreds shopping partner and a member of the insurgent Mayday underground. At the end of the novel, Ofglen is found out, and she hangs herself mannikina than face torture and reveal the names of her co-conspirators. Cora Cora works as a servant in the Commanders household. She belongs to the class of Marthas, infertile women who do not qualify for the exalted status of Wives and so work in domestic roles. Cora seems more than topic with her role than her fellow Martha, Rita.She hopes that Offred leave behind be able to conceive, because then she allow have a hand in raising a child. Janine Offred knows Janine from their time at the Red Center. After Janine becomes a Handmaid, she takes the name Ofwarren. She has a baby, which makes her the enviousness of all the other Handmaids i n the area, but the baby later turns out to be de organisean Unbabyand there are rumors that her doctor fathered the child. Janine is a conformist, incessantly ready to go along with what Gilead demands of her, and so she endears herself to the Aunts and to all authority figures.Offred holds Janine in contempt for taking the easy way out. Luke In the days before Gilead, Luke had an affair with Offred while he was married to another woman, then got a divorce and became Offreds husband. When Gilead comes to power, he attempts to escape to Canada with Offred and their daughter, but they are captured. He is separated from Offred, and the couple never see one another again. The manakin of love they shared is prohibited in Gilead, and Offreds memories of Luke contrast with the regimented, emotionless soil of male-female relations in the new society.Offreds receive Offred remembers her mother in flashbacks to her pre-Gilead worldshe was a single parent and a feminist activist. One d ay during her education at the Red Center, Offred sees a telly of her mother as a unripened woman, yelling and carrying a banner in an anti-rape march called Take Back the Night. She embodies everything the architects of Gilead fate to stamp out. Aunt Elizabeth Aunt Elizabeth is one of the Aunts at the Red Center. Moira attacks her and steals her Aunts unvarying during her escape from the Red Center. Rita A Martha, or domestic servant, in the Commanders household.She seems less content with her lot than Cora, the other Martha working there. prof Pieixoto The guest speaker at the symposium that takes place in the epilogue to The Handmaids Tale. He and another academic, working at a university in the year 2195, transcribed Offreds recorded narrative his lecture elaborate the historical significance of the story that we have just read. Analysis of major(ip) Characters Offred Offred is the narrator and the protagonist of the novel, and we are told the consummate story from her point of view, experiencing events and memories as vividly as she does.She tells the story as it happens, and shows us the travels of her mind finished with(predicate) asides, flashbacks, and digressions. Offred is intelligent, perceptive, and kind. She possesses adequacy faults to make her human, but not so many a(prenominal) that she becomes an disagreeable figure. She likewise possesses a dark consciousness of humora burial site wit that makes her descriptions of the bleak aversions of Gilead bearable, even enjoyable. Like most of the women in Gilead, she is an indifferent bicycle woman placed in an extraordinary bunk. Offred is not a hero. Although she resists Gilead inwardly, once her attempt at escape fails, she submits outwardly.She is unexpressedly a feminist flair she had always felt uncomfortable with her mothers activism, and her pre-Gilead relationship with Luke began when she became his mistress, meeting him in cheap hotels for sex. Although friends with Ofglen, a member of the resistance, she is never bold enough to join up herself. Indeed, after she begins her affair with Nick, she seems to lose sight of escape only when and suddenly feels that life in Gilead is almost bearable. If she does finally escape, it is because of Nick, not because of anything she does -herself.Offred is a mostly passive character, good-hearted but complacent. Like her peers, she took for given(p) the freedoms feminism won and now pays the price. The Commander The Commander poses an ethical problem for Offred, and consequently for us. First, he is Offreds Commander and the immediate agent of her oppression. As a founder of Gilead, he also bears tariff for the entire totalitarian society. In person, he is far more sympathetic and friendly toward Offred than most other people, and Offreds evenings with the Commander in his study offer her a small respite from the wasteland of her life.At times, his unhappiness and want for companionship make him seem a s much a prisoner of Gileads strictures as anyone else. Offred finds herself feeling sympathy for this man. Ultimately, Offred and the reader recognize that if the Commander is a prisoner, the prison is one that he himself helped construct and that his prison is heaven compared to the prison he created for women. As the novel progresses, we come to realize that his visits with Offred are selfish rather than charitable.They satisfy his need for companionship, but he doesnt seem to care that they put Offred at terrible risk, a fact of which he must be aware, given that the previous Handmaid hanged herself when her visits to the Commander were discovered. The Commanders moral blindness, apparent in his attempts to explain the virtues of Gilead, are highlighted by his and Offreds visit to Jezebels. The club, a place where the elite men of the society can engage in recreational extramarital sex, reveals the rank hypocrisy that runs through Gileadean society.Offreds relationship with the Commander is best represented by a situation she remembers from a documentary on the Holocaust. In the film, the mistress of a brutal death camp guard defended the man she loved, claiming that he was not a monster. How easy it is to invent a humanity, Offred thinks. In other words, anyone can seem human, and even likable, given the right set of mass. But even if the Commander is likable and can be kind or considerate, his responsibility for the creation of Gilead and his callousness to the hell he created for women center that he, like the national socialist guard, is a monster. Serena JoyThough Serena had been an advocate for traditional values and the establishment of the Gileadean kingdom, her bitterness at the outcomebeing confined to the home and having to see her husband copulating with a Handmaidsuggests that spokeswomen for anti-feminist causes might not enjoy getting their way as much as they believe they would. Serenas obvious unhappiness means that she teeters on the e dge of inspiring our sympathy, but she forfeits that sympathy by taking out her frustration on Offred. She seems to possess no compassion for Offred. She can see the difficulty of her own life, but not that of another woman.The climactic moment in Serenas interaction with Offred comes when she arranges for Offred to sleep with Nick. It seems that Serena makes these plans out of a desire to help Offred get pregnant, but Serena gets an equal reward from Offreds pregnancy she gets to raise the baby. Furthermore, Serenas offer to show Offred a picture of her lost daughter if she sleeps with Nick reveals that Serena has always known of Offreds daughters whereabouts. Not only has she cruelly concealed this knowledge, she is willing to exploit Offreds loss of a child in order to get an infant of her own.Serenas lack of sympathy makes her the perfect tool for Gileads social order, which relies on the willingness of women to oppress other women. She is a cruel, selfish woman, and Atwood imp lies that such women are the glue that binds Gilead. Moira Throughout the novel, Moiras relationship with Offred epitomizes female friendship. Gilead claims to publicize solidarity amongst women, but in fact it only produces suspicion, hostility, and petty tyranny. The kind of relationship that Moira and Offred maintain from college onward does not exist in Gilead. In Offreds flashbacks, Moira also embodies female resistance to Gilead.She is a lesbian, which means that she rejects male-female sexual interactions, the only kind that Gilead values. More than that, she is the only character who stands up to authority directly by make two escape attempts, one successful, from the Red Center. The manner in which she escapestaking off her clothes and putting on the uniform of an Auntsymbolizes her rejection of Gileads attempt to define her identity. From then on, until Offred meets up with her again, Moira represents an alternative to the meek subservience and acceptance of ones fate th at most of the Handmaids adopt.When Offred runs into Moira, Moira has been recaptured and is working as a prostitute at Jezebels, function the Commanders. Her fighting spirit seems broken, and she has become resigned to her fate. After em luggage compartmenting resistance for most of the novel, Moira comes to correspond the way a totalitarian subject can crush even the most independent spirit. Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. Womens Bodies as Political Instruments Because Gilead was formed in response to the crisis caused by dramatically ecreased birthrates, the states entire structure, with its religious trappings and rigid political hierarchy, is built around a single goal look into of reproduction. The state tackles the problem head-on by assuming complete reign over of womens bodies through their political subjugation. Women cannot vote, hold property or jobs, read, or do anything else that might allow them to become subversive or independent and thereby undermine their husbands or the state. patronage all of Gileads pro-women rhetoric, such subjugation creates a society in which women are treated as subhuman.They are reduced to their fertility, treated as nothing more than a set of ovaries and a womb. In one of the novels key films, Offred lies in the bath and reflects that, before Gilead, she considered her remains an instrument of her desires now, she is just a mound of flesh surrounding a womb that must be filled in order to make her useful. Gilead seeks to deprive women of their somebodyity in order to make them docile carriers of the nigh generation. Language as a Tool of Power Gilead creates an official language that ignores and warps reality in order to serve the needs of the new societys elite.Having made it illegal for women to hold jobs, Gilead creates a system of titles. Whereas men are defined by their military rank, women are defined solely by their g ender roles as Wives, Handmaids, or Marthas. Stripping them of permanent individual names strips them of their individuality, or tries to. Feminists and deformed babies are treated as subhuman, denoted by the terms Unwomen and Unbabies. Blacks and Jews are defined by biblical terms (Children of ham actor and Sons of Jacob, respectively) that set them apart from the rest of society, making their persecution easier. at that place are prescribed greetings for personal encounters, and to fail to offer the correct greetings is to fall under suspicion of disloyalty. especially created terms define the rituals of Gilead, such as Prayvaganzas, Salvagings, and Particicutions. Dystopian novels about the dangers of totalitarian society frequently explore the connection amid a states repression of its subjects and its perversion of language (Newspeak in George Orwells 1984 is the most illustrious example), and The Handmaids Tale carries on this tradition. Gilead maintains its control over womens bodies by maintaining control over names.The Causes of Complacency In a totalitarian state, Atwood suggests, people will endure oppression willingly as long as they receive some slight amount of power or freedom. Offred remembers her mother expression that it is truly amazing, what people can get used to, as long as there are a few compensations. Offreds complacency after she begins her relationship with Nick shows the truth of this insight. Her situation restricts her horribly compared to the freedom her former life allowed, but her relationship with Nick allows her to reclaim the tiniest fragment of her former existence.The physical affection and companionship become compensation that make the restrictions almost bearable. Offred seems suddenly so content that she does not say yes when Ofglen asks her to gather information about the Commander. Women in general brave Gileads existence by willingly participating in it, destiny as agents of the totalitarian state. While a woman like Serena Joy has no power in the world of men, she exercises authority within her own household and seems to delight in her tyranny over Offred. She jealously guards what detailed power she has and wields it eagerly.In a similar way, the women known as Aunts, especially Aunt Lydia, act as willing agents of the Gileadean state. They indoctrinate other women into the ruling ideology, take note a close eye out for rebellion, and generally serve the homogeneous function for Gilead that the Jewish police did under Nazi rule. Atwoods cognitive content is bleak. At the resembling time as she condemns Offred, Serena Joy, the Aunts, and even Moira for their complacency, she suggests that even if those women mustered cleverness and s go one-time(prenominal) complying, they would likely fail to make a difference.In Gilead the tiny rebellions of resistances do not necessarily matter. In the end, Offred escapes because of luck rather than resistance. Motifs Motifs are pass struc tures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to make grow and inform the texts major themes. Rape and Sexual Violence Sexual violence, especially against women, pervades The Handmaids Tale. The prevalence of rape and pornography in the pre-Gilead world justified to the founders their establishment of the new order.The Commander and the Aunts claim that women are break in treasureed in Gilead, that they are treated with respect and kept well(p) from violence. Certainly, the official penalty for rape is terrible in one scene, the Handmaids separate apart with their bare hands a supposed rapist (actually a member of the resistance). Yet, while Gilead claims to suppress sexual violence, it actually institutionalizes it, as we see at Jezebels, the club that provides the Commanders with a ready stable of prostitutes to service the male elite.Most important, sexual violence is apparent in the central institution of the novel, the Ceremony, which compels Handmaids to have sex wi th their Commanders. Religious Terms Used for Political Purposes Gilead is a theocracya government in which there is no separation between state and religionand its official vocabulary incorporates religious terminology and biblical references. home(prenominal) servants are called Marthas in reference to a domestic character in the New Testament the local police are Guardians of the Faith soldiers are Angels and the Commanders are officially Commanders of the Faithful. completely the stores have biblical names Loaves and Fishes, All variant, Milk and Honey. Even the automobiles have biblical names like Behemoth, Whirlwind, and Chariot. Using religious terminology to describe people, ranks, and businesses whitewashes political skullduggery in pharisaic language. It provides an ever-present reminder that the founders of Gilead insist they act on the authority of the Bible itself. Politics and religion sleep in the same bed in Gilead, where the slogan theology is a National Resour ce predominates. Similarities between far-right and Feminist IdeologiesAlthough The Handmaids Tale offers a specifically feminist critique of the reactionary attitudes toward women that hold sway in Gilead, Atwood occasionally take to the woodss similarities between the architects of Gilead and radical feminists such as Offreds mother. Both groups claim to protect women from sexual violence, and both show themselves willing to restrict free speech in order to accomplish this goal. Offred recalls a scene in which her mother and other feminists burn porn magazines. Like the founders of Gilead, these feminists ban some expressions of sexuality.Gilead also uses the feminist rhetoric of female solidarity and sisterhood to its own advantage. These points of similarity express the existence of a dark side of feminist rhetoric. Despite Atwoods gentle criticism of the feminist left, her real target is the religious right. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Cambridge, milliampere The center of Gileads power, where Offred lives, is never explicitly identified, but a number of clues mark it as the town of Cambridge.Cambridge, its neighboring city of Boston, and milliampere as a whole were centers for Americas first religious and intolerant societythe puritan New England of the seventeenth century. Atwood reminds us of this recital with the antique Puritan church that Offred and Ofglen visit early in the novel, which Gilead has turned into a museum. The choice of Cambridge as a setting symbolizes the direct link between the Puritans and their spiritual heirs in Gilead. Both groups dealt harshly with religious, sexual, or political deviation. Harvard UniversityGilead has transform Harvards buildings into a detention center run by the Eyes, Gileads secret police. Bodies of executed dissidents hang from the Wall that runs around the college, and Salvagings (mass executions) take place in Harvard Y ard, on the steps of the library. Harvard becomes a symbol of the inverted world that Gilead has created a place that was founded to pursue knowledge and truth becomes a invest of oppression, torture, and the denial of every principle for which a university is supposed to stand. The Handmaids Red HabitsThe red color of the costumes worn by the Handmaids symbolizes fertility, which is the castes primary function. Red suggests the blood of the menstrual cycle and of childbirth. At the same time, however, red is also a traditional marker of sexual sin, hearkening back to the scarlet letter worn by the adulterous Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthornes tale of Puritan ideology. While the Handmaids reproductive role supposedly finds its justification in the Bible, in some sense they commit adultery by having sex with their Commanders, who are married men. The wives, who often call the Handmaids sluts, feel the pain of this sanctioned adultery.The Handmaids red garments, then, also symboli ze the ambiguous sinfulness of the Handmaids position in Gilead. A Palimpsest A palimpsest is a document on which old writing has been scratched out, often leaving traces, and new writing put in its place it can also be a document consisting of many layers of writing patently piled one on top of another. Offred describes the Red Center as a palimpsest, but the word actually symbolizes all of Gilead. The old world has been erased and replaced, but only partially, by a new order. Remnants of the pre-Gilead days continue to tincture the new world.The Eyes The Eyes of God are Gileads secret police. Both their name and their insignia, a winged eye, symbolize the eternal circumspection of God and the totalitarian state. In Gileads theocracy, the eye of God and of the state are assumed to be one and the same. Chapters 13 heavyset Chapter 1 The narrator, whose name we learn later is Offred, describes how she and other women slept on array cots in a gymnasium. Aunt Sara and Aunt Elizab eth patrol with electric oxen prods hanging from their leather belts, and the women, forbidden to speak aloud, whisper without attracting attention.Twice daily, the women walk in the former football field, which is surrounded by a chain-link fence topped with barbed wire. Armed guards called Angels patrol outside. While the women take their walks, the Angels stand outside the fence with their backs to the women. The women long for the Angels to turn and see them. They imagine that if the men looked at them or talked to them, they could use their bodies to make a deal. The narrator describes lying in bed at night, quietly exchanging names with the other women. compendium Chapter 2The scene changes, and the story shifts from the past to the present tense. Offred now lives in a room fitted out with curtains, a pillow, a inclose picture, and a braided rug. There is no glass in the room, not even over the framed picture. The window does not open completely, and the windowpane is shatte rproof. There is nothing in the room from which one could hang a rope, and the door does not curlicue or even shut completely. Looking around, Offred remembers how Aunt Lydia told her to consider her circumstances a privilege, not a prison.Handmaids, to which group the narrator belongs, dress entirely in red, except for the white wings framing their faces. Household servants, called Marthas, take over green uniforms. Wives take blue uniforms. Offred often secretly listens to Rita and Cora, the Marthas who work in the house where she lives. Once, she hears Rita state that she would never debase herself as soulfulness in Offreds position must. Cora replies that Offred works for all the women, and that if she (Cora) were younger and had not gotten her tubes tied, she could have been in Offreds situation. Offred wishes she could alk to them, but Marthas are not supposed to develop relationships with Handmaids. She wishes that she could share gossip like they dogossip about how one H andmaid gave birth to a stillborn, how a Wife stabbed a Handmaid with a tumbleting needle out of jealousy, how someone poisoned her Commander with hatful cleaner. Offred dresses for a shopping trip. She collects from Rita the tokens that serve as currency. Each token bears an fig of what it will purchase twelve eggs, cheese, and a steak. Summary Chapter 3 On her way out, Offred looks around for the Commanders Wife but does not see her.The Commanders Wife has a garden, and she knits constantly. All the Wives knit scarves for the Angels at the front lines, but the Commanders Wife is a particularly skilled knitter. Offred wonders if the scarves actually get used, or if they just give the Wives something to do. She remembers arriving at the Commanders house for the first time, after the two couples to which she was previously assigned didnt work out. One of the Wives in an introductory posting secluded herself in the bedroom, purportedly drinking, and Offred hoped the new Commander s Wife would be different.On the first day, her new mistress told her to stay out of her sight as much as possible, and to avoid making trouble. As she talked, the Wife smoked a cigarette, a black-market item. Handmaids, Offred notes, are forbidden coffee, cigarettes, and alcohol. Then the Wife reminded Offred that the Commander is her husband, permanently and forever. Its one of the things we fought for, she said, feeling away. Suddenly, Offred recognized her mistress as Serena Joy, the lead soprano from Growing Souls gospel truth Hour, a Sunday-morning religious program that aired when Offred was a child. Analysis Chapters 15The Handmaids Tale plunges immediately into an unfamiliar, unexplained world, using unfamiliar terms like Handmaid, Angel, and Commander that only come to make sense as the story progresses. Offred gradually delivers information about her past and the world in which she lives, often narrating through flashbacks. She narrates these flashbacks in the past tense , which distinguishes them from the main body of the story, which she tells in the present tense. The first scene, in the gymnasium, is a flashback, as are Offreds memories of the Marthas gossip and her first meeting with the Commanders Wife.Although at this point we do not know what the gymnasium signifies, or why the narrator and other women lived there, we do gather some information from the instruct first chapter. The women in the gymnasium live under the constant charge of the Angels and the Aunts, and they cannot interact with one another. They seem to inhabit a kind of prison. Offred likens the gym to a palimpsest, a parchment either erased and written on again or layered with multiple writings. In the gym palimpsest, Offred sees multiple layers of history high school girls outlet to basketball games and dances wearing miniskirts, then pants, then green hair.Likening the gym to a palimpsest also suggests that the society Offred now inhabits has been place on a previous so ciety, and traces of the old linger beneath the new. In Chapter 2, Offred sits in a room that seems at first like a pleasant change from harsh atmosphere of the gymnasium. However, her description of her room demonstrates that the same rigid, controlling structures that ruled the gym continue to constrict her in this house. The room is like a prison in which all means of defense, or escape by suicide or flight, have been removed.She wonders if women everywhere get issued exactly the same sheets and curtains, which underlines the idea that the room is like a government-ordered prison. We do not know notwithstanding what purpose Offred serves in the house, although it seems to be sexualCora comments that she could have make Offreds work if she hadnt gotten her tubes tied, which implies that Offreds function is reproductive. Serena Joys coldness to Offred makes it plain that she considers Offred a threat, or at least an annoyance. We do know from Offreds name that she, like all Handm aids, is considered state property.Handmaids names simply reflect which Commander owns them. Of Fred, Of Warren, and Of Glen get collapsed into Offred, Ofwarren, and Ofglen. The names make more sense when preceded by the word topographic point Property Offred, for example. Thus, every time the women hear their names, they are reminded that they are no more than property. These early chapters establish the novels style, which is characterized by considerable physical description. The narrator devotes attention to the features of the gym, the Commanders house, and Serena Joys twinge face.Offred tells the story in nonlinear fashion, following the temporal leaps of her own mind. The narrative goes where her suppositions take itone moment to the present, in the Commanders house, and the future(a) back in the gymnasium, or in the old world, the United States as it exists in Offreds memory. We do not have the sense, as in some first-person narratives, that Offred is composing this sto ry from a distanced vantage point, reflecting back on her past. Rather, all of her thoughts have a quality of immediacy. We are there with Offred as she goes about her daily life, and as she slips out of the present and thinks about her past.Chapters 46 Summary Chapter 4 As she leaves the house to go shopping, Offred notices Nick, a Guardian of the Faith, washing the Commanders car. Nick lives above the garage. He winks at Offredan offense against -decorum but she ignores him, fearing that he may be an Eye, a spy assigned to test her. She waits at the corner for Ofglen, another Handmaid with whom Offred will do her shopping. The Handmaids always travel in pairs when outside. Ofglen arrives, and they exchange greetings, thrifty not to say anything that isnt strictly orthodox.Ofglen says that she has heard the war is going well, and that the army recently defeated a group of Baptist rebels. Praise be, Offred responds. They sphere a checkpoint manned by two young Guardians. The Guard ians serve as a routine police force and do menial labor. They are men too young, too old, or just generally high-risk for the army. Young Guardians, such as these, can be dangerous because they are frequently more fanatical or nervous than older guards. These young Guardians recently shot a Martha as she fumbled for her pass, because they thought she was a man in disguise carrying a bomb.Offred heard Rita and Cora talking about the shooting. Rita was angry, but Cora seemed to accept the shooting as the price one pays for safety. At the checkpoint, Offred subtly flirts with one of the Guardians by making eye contact, cherishing this small infraction against the rules. She considers how sexy the young men must be, since they cannot marry without permission, masturbation is a sin, and pornographic magazines and films are now forbidden. The Guardians can only hope to become Angels, when they will be allowed to take a wife and perhaps eventually get a Handmaid.This marks the first ti me in the novel we hear the word Handmaid used. Summary Chapter 5 In town, Ofglen and Offred wait in line at the shops. We learn the name of this new society The Republic of Gilead. Offred remembers the pre-Gilead days, when women were not protected they had to keep their doors closed to fantasticrs and ignore catcalls on the street. presently no one whistles at women as they walk no one touches them or talks to them. She remembers Aunt Lydia explaining that more than one kind of freedom exists, and that in the days of anarchy, it was freedom to.Now you are being given freedom from. The women shop at stores known by names like All Flesh and Milk and Honey. Pictures of meat or fruit mark the stores, rather than letter signs, because they decided that even the names of shops were too much temptation for us. A Handmaid in the late stages of pregnancy enters the store and raises a fuddle of excitement. Offred recognizes her from the Red Center. She used to be known as Janine, and she was one of Aunt Lydias favorites. Now her name is Ofwarren. Offred senses that Janine went shopping just so she could show off her pregnancy.Offred thinks of her husband, Luke, and their daughter, and the life they led before Gilead existed. She remembers a prosaic detail from their everyday life together she used to store plastic shopping bags under the sink, which annoyed Luke, who worried that their daughter would get one of the bags caught over her head. She remembers feeling guilty for her carelessness. Offred and Ofglen finish their shopping and go out to the sidewalk, where they encounter a group of Japanese tourists and their interpreter. The tourists want to take a photograph, but Offred says no.Many of the interpreters are Eyes, and Handmaids must not appear immodest. Offred and Ofglen marvel at the womens exposed legs, high heels, and polished toenails. The tourists ask if they are happy, and since Ofglen does not answer, Offred replies that they are very happy. Summa ry Chapter 6 This may not seem ordinary to you now, but after a time it will. It will become ordinary. (See authoritative Quotations Explained) As they return from shopping, Ofglen suggests they take the long way and pass by the church. It is an old building, decorated inside with paintings of what seem to be Puritans from the colonial era.Now the former church is kept as a museum. Offred describes a nearby boathouse, old dormitories, a football stadium, and redbrick sidewalks. Atwood implies that Offred is walking across what used to be the campus of Harvard University. Across the street from the church sits the Wall, where the government hang the bodies of executed criminals as examples to the rest of the Republic of Gilead. The authorities cover the mens heads with bags. One of the bags looks painted with a red smile where the blood has seeped through.All of the six corpses wear signs around their necks picturing fetuses, signaling that they were executed for performing abortion s before Gilead came into existence. Although their actions were legal at the time, their crimes are being punished retroactively. Offred feels relieved that none of the bodies could be Lukes, since he was not a doctor. As she stares at the bodies, Offred thinks of Aunt Lydia recounting them that soon their new life would seem ordinary. Analysis Chapters 46 The theocratic nature of Offreds society, the name of which we learn for the first time in these chapters, becomes clear during her shopping trip.A theocracy exists when there is no separation between church and state, and a single religion dominates all aspects of life. In Gilead, state and religion are inseparable. The official language of Gilead uses many biblical terms, from the various ranks that men hold (Angels, Guardians of the Faith, Commanders of the Faith, the Eyes of God), to the stores where Offred and Ofglen shop (Milk and Honey, All Flesh, Loaves and Fishes), to the names of automobiles (Behemoth, Whirlwind, Chari ot). The very name Gilead refers to a location in ancient Israel. The name also recalls a line from the Book of Psalms there is a salve in Gilead. This idiomatic expression, we realize later, has been transformed into a kind of national motto. Atwood does not describe the exact details of Gileads state religion. In Chapter 2, Offred describes her room as a return to traditional values. The religious right in America uses the phrase traditional values, so Atwood seems to link the values of this dystopic society to the values of the Protestant Christian religious right in America. Gilead seems more Protestant than anything else, but its brand of Christianity pays far more attention to the over-the-hill Testament than the New Testament.The religious justification for having Handmaids, for instance, is taken from the Book of Genesis. We learn that neither Catholics nor Jews are welcome in Gilead. The former must convert, while the latter must emigrate to Israel or renounce their Jud aism. Atwood seems less raise in religion than in the intersection between religion, politics, and sex. The Handmaids Tale explores the political oppression of women, carried out in the name of God but in large part motivated by a desire to control womens bodies.Gilead sees womens sexuality as dangerous women must cover themselves from head to toe, for example, and not reveal their sexual attractions. When Offred attracts the Guardians, she feels this force to inspire sexual attraction is the only power she retains. Every other privilege is stripped away, down to the very act of adaptation, which is forbidden. Women are not even allowed to read store signs. By controlling womens minds, by not allowing them to read, the authorities more easily control womens bodies. The patriarchs of Gilead want to control womens bodies, their sex lives, and their reproductive rights.The bodies of slain abortionists on the Wall hammer home the point feminists believe that women must have abortion rights in order to control their own bodies, and in Gilead, giving women control of their bodies is a horrifying crime. When Offred and Ofglen go to town to shop, geographical clues and street names suggest that they live in what was once Cambridge, Massachusetts, and that their walk takes them near what used to be the campus of Harvard University. The choice of Cambridge for the setting of The Handmaids Tale is significant, since Massachusetts was a Puritan stronghold during the colonial period of the United States.The Puritans were a persecuted minority in England, but when they fled to New England, they re-created the repression they suffered at home, this time casting themselves as the repressors rather than the repressed. They established an intolerant religious society in some ways similar to Gilead. Atwood locates her fictional intolerant society in a place founded by intolerant people. By bit the old church into a museum, and leaving untouched portraits of Puritan forebears , the founders of Gilead suggest their admiration for the old Puritan society. Chapters 79 Summary Chapter 7I would like to believe this is a story Im telling. I need to believe it. I must believe it. Those who can believe that such stories are only stories have a wear out chance. (See Important Quotations Explained) At night, Offred likes to remember her former life. She recalls talking to her college friend, Moira, in her dorm room. She remembers being a child and going to a park with her mother, where they saw a group of women and a few men burning pornographic magazines. Offred has forgotten a large chunk of time, which she thinks might be the fault of an injection or pill the authorities gave her.She remembers waking up somewhere and screaming, demanding to know what they had done with her daughter. The authorities told Offred she was unfit, and her daughter was with those fit to care for her. They showed her a photograph of her child wearing a white dress, holding the hand of a strange woman. As she recounts these events, Offred imagines she is telling her story to someone, telling things that she cannot write down, because writing is forbidden. Summary Chapter 8 Returning from another shopping trip, Ofglen and Offred notice three new bodies on the Wall.One is a Catholic priest and two are Guardians who bear placards around their necks that read Gender Treachery. This means they were hanged for committing homosexual acts. After looking at at the bodies for a while, Offred tells Ofglen that they should continue walking home. They meet a funeral emanation of Econowives, the wives of poorer men. One Econowife carries a small black jar. From the size of the jar, Offred can tell that it contains a dead embryo from an early miscarriageone that came too early to know whether it was an Unbaby. The Econowives do not like the Handmaids.One woman scowls, and another spits at the Handmaids as they pass. At the corner near the Commanders home, Ofglen says Under His Eye, the orthodox good-bye, hesitating as if she wants to say more but then continuing on her way. When Offred reaches the Commanders motorway she passes Nick, who breaks the rules by asking her about her walk. She says nothing and goes into the house. She sees Serena Joy out in the garden and recalls how after Serenas singing career ended, she became a spokesperson for respecting the holiness of the home and for women staying at home instead of working.Serena herself never stayed at home, because she was always out giving speeches. Once, Offred remembers, someone tested to assassinate Serena but killed her escritoire instead. Offred wonders if Serena is angry that she can no longer be a public figure, now that what she advocated has come to pass and all women, including her, are confined to the home. In the kitchen, Rita fusses over the quality of the purchases as she always does. Offred retreats upstairs and notices the Commander rest outside her room. He is not supposed t o be there. He nods at her and retreats. Summary Chapter 9Offred remembers renting hotel rooms and waiting for Luke to meet her, before they were married, when he was cheating on his first wife. She regrets that she did not fully apprize the freedom to have her own space when she wanted it. Thinking of the problems she and Luke thought they had, she realizes they were truly happy, although they did not know it. She remembers examining her room in the Commanders house little by little after she first arrived. She saw stains on the mattress, left over from long-ago sex, and she discovered a Latin phrase freshly scratched into the floor of the closet Nolite te bastardes carborundorum.Offred does not empathise Latin. It pleases her to imagine that this message allows her to commune with the woman who wrote it. She pictures this woman as freckly and irreverent, someone like Moira. Later, she asks Rita who stayed in her room before her. Rita tells her to specify which one, implying that there were a number of Handmaids before her. Offred says, guessing, the lively one . . . with freckles. Rita asks how Offred knew about her, but she refuses to tell Offred anything about the previous Handmaid beyond a vague disputation that she did not work out. Analysis Chapter 79Atwood suggests that those who seek to restrict sexual expression, whether they are feminists or religious conservatives, ultimately share the same goalthe control of sexuality, particularly womens sexuality. In the flashback to the scene from Offreds childishness in which women burn pornographic magazines, Atwood shows the similarity between the extremism of the left and the extremism of the right. The people burning magazines are feminists, not religious conservatives like the leaders of Gilead, yet their goal is the same to crack down on certain kinds of sexual freedom.In other words, the desire for control over sexuality is not unequalled to the religious totalitarians of Gilead it also existed in the feminist anti-pornography crusades that preceded the fall of the United States. Gilead actually appropriates some of the rhetoric of womens liberation in its attempt to control women. Gilead also uses the Aunts and the Aunts rhetoric, forcing women to control other women. Again and again in the novel, the vox of Aunt Lydia rings in Offreds head, insisting that women are relegate off in Gilead, free from exploitation and violence, than they were in the dangerous freedom of pre-Gilead times.In Chapter 7, Offred relates some of the details of how she lost her child. This loss is the central wound on Offreds psyche throughout the novel, and the novels great source of emotional power. The loss of her child is so painful to Offred that she can only relate the story in fits and starts so far the details of what happened have been murky. When telling stories from her past, like the story of her daughters disappearance, Offred often seems to draw on a partial or foggy memory. It almos t seems as if she is computer storage details from hundreds of years ago, when we know these things happened a few years before the narrative.Partly this distance is the product of emotional traumathinking of the past is painful for Offred. But in Chapter 7, Offred offers her own explanation for these gaps she thinks it possible that the authorities gave her a pill or injection that harmed her memory. Immediately after remembering her daughter, Offred addresses someone she calls you. She could be talking to God, Luke, or an imaginary future reader. I would like to believe this is a story Im telling, Offred says. Those who can believe that such stories are only stories have a better chance . . A story is a letter. Dear You, Ill say. In the act of telling her imagined audience about her life, Offred reduces her lifes horror and makes its oppressive weight endurable. Also, if she can think of her life as a story and herself as the writer, she can think of her life as controllable, f ictional, something not terrifying because not real. We learn in Chapter 8 that Serena used to oppose against womens rights. This makes her a figure worthy of pity, in a way she supported the anti-woman principles on which Gilead was founded, but once they were mplemented, she found that they affected her as well as other women. She now lives deprived of freedom and attach with a Handmaid who has sex with her husband. Yet Serena forfeits what pity we might feel for her by her callous, petty behavior toward Offred. Powerless in the world of men, Serena can only take out her frustration on the women under her switch by making their lives miserable. In many ways, she treats Offred far worse than the Commander does, which suggests that Gileads oppressive power structure succeeds not just because men created it, but because women like Serena sustain it.Nolite te bastardes carborundorumthe Latin phrase scrawled in Offreds closet by a previous Handmaidtakes on a magical importance for O ffred even before she knows what it means. It symbolizes her inner resistance to Gileads tyranny and makes her feel like she can communicate with other strong women, like the woman who wrote the message. In Chapter 29 we learn what the phrase means, and its role in sustaining Offreds resistance comes to seem perfectly appropriate. Chapters 1012 Summary Chapter 10 Offred often sings songs in her head fearsome Grace or songs by Elvis.Most music is forbidden in Gilead, and there is little of it in the Commanders home. Sometimes she hears Serena humming and comprehend to a recording of herself from the time when she was a famous gospel singer. summer is approaching, and the house grows hot. Soon the Handmaids will be allowed to wear their summer dresses. Offred thinks about how Aunt Lydia would describe the terrible things that used to happen to women in the old days, before Gilead, when they sunbathed wearing next to nothing. Offred remembers Moira throwing an underwhore party to sel l sexy lingerie.She remembers reading stories in the papers about women who were murdered and raped, but even in the old days it seemed distant from her life and unrelated to her. Offred sits at the window, beside a cushion embroidered with the word Faith. It is the only word they have given her to read, and she spends many minutes looking at it. From her window, she watches the Commander get into his car and drive away. Summary Chapter 11 Offred says that yesterday she went to the doctor. Every month, a Guardian accompanies Offred to a doctor, who tests her for pregnancy and disease.At the doctors office, Offred undresses, pulling a sheet over her body. A sheet hangs down from the ceiling, cutting off the doctors view of her face. The doctor is not supposed to see her face or speak to her if he can help it. On this visit, though, he chatters cheerfully and then offers to help her. He says many of the Commanders are either too old to produce a child or are unfertilized, and he sugg ests that he could have sex with her and impregnate her. His use of the word sterile shocks Offred, for officially sterile men no longer exist. In Gilead, there are only fruitful women and barren women.Offred thinks him genuinely sympathetic to her plight, but she also realizes he enjoys his own empathy and his position of power. After a moment, she declines, saying it is too dangerous. If they are caught, they will both receive the death penalty. She tries to legal casual and grateful as she refuses, but she feels frightened. To revenge her refusal, the doctor could wrong report that she has a health problem, and then she would be sent to the Colonies with the Unwomen. Offred also feels frightened, she realizes, because she has been given a way out. Summary Chapter 12It is one of Offreds call for bath days. The bathroom has no mirror, no razors, and no lock on the door. Cora sits outside, waiting for Offred. Offreds own naked body seems strange to her, and she finds it hard to believe that she once wore bathing suits, letting people see her thighs and arms, her breasts and buttocks. deceit in the bath, she thinks of her daughter and remembers the time when a crazy woman tried to kidnap the little girl in the supermarket. The authorities in Gilead took Offreds then-five-year-old child from her, and three years have passed since then.Offred has no mementos of her daughter. She remember