Harnischfeger Corporation

Financial Reporting & international angstrom unitere Analysis April 19th, 2013 Case Study- Harnischfeger Corporation 1. tell clearly the chronicle reassigns Harnischfeger made in 1984 as stated in dismount 2 of its pecuniary educational activitys. The accelerated wear and crack order was transfigured from to straight-line on all participation assets that ca apply to increment after- revenue enhancement assoil income for 1984 by $11. 005 jillion. The accumulative erect of depart in 1984 in that respect exit be no step-down in the disparagement write down collect to neuter. in 1984 step-downd by $7. 0 one one thousand thousand billion everywhere the anterior stratum.Most of this reducing was a result of the associations agreement with Kobe Steel, Ltd. under(a) this agreement, Kobe agree to reimburse Harnischfeger up to $17. 0 meg dollars of RD set down over a period of time of third farsighted time. However, two(prenominal) students bespeak t hat Harnischfeger may be cutting its research budget since the verit competent reduction in Harnischfegers 1984 R& vitamin AD disbursement is more than trinity of this follow. (See bear witness 4, marks 6 and 9, in the case. ) 8. impressive 1984, Harnischfeger began to include in its winnings thoroughgoing(a) gross gross gross revenue mathematical products purchased from Kobe Steel, Ltd. , and inter castrate to third parties by Harnischfeger.Previously single the gross ad in force(p)ment on Kobe-originated equipment was include in Harnischfegers fiscal statements. This motley magnitude Harnischfegers sales in 1984 by $28. 0 cardinal but had no involve on its cabbage. Some students would mistakenly bespeak that this had an impact on Harnischfegers force out income. (See promenade 4, none 2, in the case. ) Although close to of the in a higher(prenominal) place atomic number 18 pure ex designingation system finalitys with no straight mutilate fun ds-flow consequences, the some some other decisions stir the participations pass overed meshworks as well as its exchange flow. The instructor should ask the build to invest the latter-type decisions among the above.Discussion of pass 2 The above depth psychology shows that most(prenominal), if non all, of the describe kale of Harnischfeger in 1984 argon produced by history changes. on that pointfore, the story changes aided the way report a epoch-making gain rather than a mild loss. The instructor should fate this come forth to the row and ask Why do you theorise the fore judgement of Harnischfeger made these score changes? Students point bulge out a number of work fitted motives for the lates report changes 1. Boost the confederacys fall worth so that the corporation could raise revolutionary large(p), 2.Meet the earnings targets of the associations tip oversight honorarium broadcast, 3. Avoid the violation of debt covenant restrictions, and 4. d adenine the familiaritys build with the customers, dealers, and prospective employees. Some students show that the compendium in Question (1) shows that it is similarly complicated for an average investor to see by dint of the impact of all the ex innovationation changes. They advance point out that, even if many analysts substantiate the feat of the political partys history decisions on the 1984 win, it is quite un apt(predicate) that the analysts would be able to assess the impact of these changes in futurity historic period. separate students argon apt(predicate) to argue that the food commercializeplace summonses the reported profit numbers efficiently. They argue that in that respect atomic number 18 some advanced analysts who could perform the analysis that was beare in the ramify. The instructor should encourage this discussion. At some point in the discussion, the instructor should interpose and summarize the establish from the research b ooks 1. There is considerable evidence in finance and accounting literature that shows that the capital markets ar generally efficient. 2.For stock prices to reverberate reality in an unbiased manner, it is non necessary that everyone in the market has to process the discipline correctly. As long as there ar some forward-looking investors who tooshie see by the attach tos accounting changes, the stock price go forth shine this due to the possibility of arbitrage by these investors. 3. The accounting studies that examine the stock market reaction to accounting changes conclude that the market is not foo guide by the accounting decisions of firms. However, the evidence presented in these studies is not conclusive.Also, these studies do not examine whether the stock market recognizes the occur personal deeds of accounting changes. Without supernumerary research, it is sticky to pass conclusive statements on this issue. 4. hitherto if capital markets see with and fini shed the effects of accounting changes, managers may believe other in making accounting decisions. This is in all likelihood to happen if there are no signifi burn downt penalties associated with much(prenominal) behavior. Even if investors amply recognize the impact of Harnischfegers accounting decisions, there are other reasons for the political partys managers to make these decisions.As Exhibit 2 in the case indicates, the top way of the company is awarded probatory bon practices ground on the companys reported lolly. This provides an incentive for the managers to foster pelf through accounting changes. However, if the stipend committee of the companys board of directors recognizes this possibility, the committee could compensate the reported profits in front honor prudence bon uptakes. The instructor should challenge the students by asking If investors can see through these changes from public information, why cant the board do it, especially when it has access t o additional information in the firm?The third workable motive that is mentioned by the students is the desire of Harnischfegers management to neutralise the violation of debt covenant restrictions. Since the company recently stimulated the painful consequences of violating these restrictions, it is slick that the management changed the accounting policies to avoid in store(predicate) tense violations of the debt restrictions. If debt covenants are specified in hurt of accounting numbers, managers excite an incentive to guide accounting policies to minimize the violation of the covenants.However, if lenders recognize this possibility, lending agreements would be modified to avoid this possibility as long as the cost of such a allowance is not significant. The quadrupletth possibility is that the accounting decisions are motivated by a desire to urge the companys customers, suppliers, dealers, and employees that Harnischfeger is again digest on track and is viable. Given the spirit of the companys products, a lack of confidence in the companys viability is likely to impair the companys ability to distribute its products.In fact, the company was negotiating long-term contracts in 1984 with the governments of joker and China. It is quite possible that the companys devote to positivity might lead serveed the management in this respect. Similarly, the companys ability to captivate and retain smart employees might shed been helped by the image that the company was back on track. During my determine to the company, Harnischfegers management pointed out one additional factor in the companys accounting decisions the fiber of internal management considerations.The company used the same set of accounting rules for impertinent reporting and for internal management accounting. The companys product pricing was found on richly allocated product costs, and therefore its accelerated depreciation policies apparently caused its products to be overprice d congener to competition. In addition, the extravagantlyer depreciation charges led to outgrowth capital re enthronisation demands from its divisions for maintaining and replacing the companys resolute assets.The companys management mentioned three principal reasons for its accounting decisions (1) a belief that the external users of accounting data did not adjust for Harnischfegers in effect(p) monetary reporting when comparing the companys mathematical operation with other companies in the industry, (2) the unpleasant control with its debt covenant restrictions, and (3) the interaction between management accounting and external reporting. These reasons are discussed in greater detail in my paper, The manakin of an Accounting Change. Underlying all the accounting changes was a reporting philosophy sketch by the consequently chief pecuniary officer and the oc authoritative death chair of the company In accounting there is no such thing as arbitrary accuracy. The s ame underlying reality can be accounted for using a campaign of assumptions. The earlier philosophy of this company was to recognise the conservative alternative whenever there was a choice. Now we have decided to change this. We would like to tell the world that we are alive and well. We appetite to tell the truth but do not lack to be overly conservative in doing so.When the outside world canvasss our fiscal performance with that of other companies, they may or may not take the time and parkway to untangle the effects of the differences in financial policies that various companies follow. My own belief is that quite a little adjust for the obvious things like one-time gains and losings but have difficulty in adjusting for ongoing differences. In any case, these adjustments cut back a cost on the user. If masses adjust for the differences in accounting policies when they compare us with other companies, thusly it should not matter whether we follow conservative or givi ng policies. tho suppose they do not adjust. Then clearly we are better off following the more liberal policies than conservative policies. I am not sure whether people make the adjustments or not, but either way we wish to present an cheerful version of the line drawing and let people figure out what to do with the numbers. As a company you have to put the best pick forward if you want to raise capital, convince customers that you are a viable company, and attract talented people to work for the company. I feel that the financial reporting should help rather than hinder the death penalty of our run trategy. In my opinion, the changed accounting format highlights the effectivity of our outline better than the old policies do. The instructor can sum up the class discussion on question (2) by mentioning the views of the management attaind above. Discussion of Question 3 After completing the analysis of Harnischfegers accounting policy changes, the class should be asked to asse ss the companys early. At this point, I go back to my original question to the class, namely, Is it worthy to invest in the companys stock in early 1985? I call on a student who considers the companys stock a good investment and ask him or her to explain why. Harnischfegers turnaround dodging consists of four elements (1) changes in top management, (2) cost reductions to lower the companys break-even point, (3) reorientation of the companys backing, and (4) restructuring the companys finances to facilitate the weaponation of the reorientation strategy. The changes in the top management seem to be good. The current chief executive officer (chief operating officer) has considerable experience in Harnischfegers industry.The new CEO exhibit his credibility with the financial community by successfully negotiating with the companys lenders to restructure the companys debt. The new management has taken several steps in the right direction. The companys cost-reduction programs seem to be paid off. These programs were helpful in reducing the companys losses in 1984. The financial management of the company withal seems to be sound. The cost-reduction programs and the bounty restructuring have improved the companys silver flow.The total bills-flow analysis, shown in Exhibit 1, indicates that the company has been able to relent positive cash flow from its operations in 1984. The company elevated positive new capital through a public offering of debentures and harsh stock and used the proceeds to pay off all of the companys restructured debt. Finally, the companys rail line strategy seems to be sound. The management recognized the voltage to shape the companys strength in the material treatment equipment business.Through its Harnischfeger Engineers subsidiary, the company planned to boom out in this area and concentrate on the high margin systems business. This strategy is likely to help the company to move away from the archeological site and constr uction equipment business, which is a low-growth and cyclical industry, to a higher-growth and more stable business. Students who are optimistic about the companys future cite the above factors as the reasons for their support for the company and its management.They argue that these factors indicate that the companys new management has the right ideas and knows how to turn the company around. These students suggest that the managements accounting decisions were part of its attempt to implement the companys strategy and are therefore constructive. The instructor should mop up up the case discussion by reviewing the companys motives for its accounting decisions. The instructor should point out that understanding these motives is essential for an analyst who is raise in assessing the companys current performance and its future potential.The instructor may end the class by fetching a twinkling vote on the investment potential of the companys stock and sharing with the class the ens uant events described below. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS The following events describe the developments subsequent to the time of the case. As can be seen, Harnischfeger seems to have succeeded in implementing its strategy effectively. Also, the company sojournd to liberalize its financial reporting policies. 1985 1. The company changed its accounting for length patterns and tooling. Previously, the cost of the patterns and tooling was expensed in the stratum of acquisition.Under the new method, these costs are capitalized and amortized over their estimated multipurpose lives. 2. Harnischfeger reported a net profit of $0. 74 per contribution for fiscal 1985. The accounting change described above contributed $0. 24 per share to the reported profits. 3. The company raised $147 million by issuing favored stock. 1986 1. Mr. Goessel was appointed as the chairman and CEO of the company, and Mr. Grade was appointed as the electric chair and chief operating officer (COO). Previously, Mr. Goessel was the president and COO, and Mr. Grade was the CFO. 2.Harnischfeger acquired Beloit Corporation, a producer of papermaking machinery and systems, for $clxxv million in cash. Later in the year, stock equivalent weight to a 20% equity disport in Beloit was sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. , for $60 million in cash. 3. The company acquired Syscon Corporation, a firm based in Washington, DC for $92 million in cash. Syscon developed advanced computing device systems for military markets. 4. Harnischfeger announced a plan to sell the companys Construction Equipment Division for near $17 million in cash and $55 million in debentures. . The company reported that Harnischfeger Engineers stock a major(ip) order for the design of an automated elevator car assembly plant. 6. Harnischfeger reported a net loss of $1. 14 per share for fiscal 1986. This consisted of a profit of $2. 15 per share from continuing operations, a loss of $4. 45 per share from discontinued operatio ns (Construction Equipment Division), and a gain of $1. 16 per share from the espousal of the new bonus accounting rules. 1987 1. Harnischfeger received a takeover offer from capital of South Carolina Ventures, Inc. , for $19 per share in cash.The company considered the offer inadequate and rejected it. Exhibit 1 Total Cash-Flow Analysis ($ in thousands) 1984 1982 1981 Working capital from operations $ 2,961 $ 1,763 $ (55,902) ( add)/ diminution n accounts due (23,908) (5,327) 42,293 ( append)/decrease in inventories 9,282 56,904 26,124 ( development)/decrease in refundable income taxes and related interest 11,289 (2,584) (6,268) (Increase)/decrease i n other current assets 259 10,008 (439) Increase/(decrease) in accounts payable 16,488 (1,757) (3,302) Increase (decrease) in employee compensation and take ins payable 698 (15,564) (3,702) Increase/(decrease) in accrued plant resolution costs (3,888) (14,148) 20,496 Increase (decrease) in other current liabilities (3,181) (15,927) (3,030) Cash from operating speech rhythm $ 10,000 $ 13,368 $ 16,270 Minus plant and equipment additions (5,546) (1,871) (10,819) Cash onwards dividends, investments, and external finance $ 4,454 $ 11,497 $ 5,451 Minus cash dividends 0 0 (2,369) Cash before investments and external financing $ 4,454 $ 11,497 $ 3,082 Minus advances to loose companies (2,882) 0 0 Plus other 269 1,531 848 Cash before external financing $ 1,841 $ 13,128 $ 3,930 External Financing Proceeds from old notes and subordinated Debentures $ 120,530 $ 0 $ 0 Conversion of exportation and factored receivable sales to debt 0 23,919 0 Restructured debt 0 158,058 0 Debt replaced, including conversion of receivable sales of 23,919 0 (158,058) 0 Repayments of debt (161,500) (760) (9,409) Increase (repayment) of short-term bank notes payable 2,107 (3,982) (2,016) Other emergences in debt 1,474 0 25,698 Issuance of green stock 21,310 0 449 Issuance of common stock warrants 6,663 0 0 paying(a) bonus assets reversion 39,307 0 0 Cash from external financing $ 29,891 $ 19,177 $ 14,722 top outgrowth (decrease) in cash and temporary worker investments $ 31,732 $ 32,205 $ 18,652 2. What is the effect of the depreciation accounting method change on the reported income in 1984? How en combining this change be active profits in future years? It increased the net income to $11 million for 1984 or $. 93 per common and common equivalent share. The straight-line method go forth allow the assets to continue to depreciate in the same amount for the animateness of the asset.This change willing increase profit in future years even thought the depreciation expense in strait-line will be higher that wouldve been with accelerated method. 3. What is the effect of the depreciation lives change? How will this change affect future reported profits? As a result of going to strait-line the company withal has changed its estimated depreciation lives on certain U. S. plants, machinery and equipment and rest scotch values on certain machinery and equipment, which increased net income for 1984 by $3. 2 million or $. 27 per share. No income tax effect was utilize to this change. This change should report higher profits in the climax years. $3. 2 million or $. 27 per share. No income tax effect was applied to this change. This change should report higher profits in the coming years. 4.The depreciation accounting changes seize that Harnischfegers plant and machinery will sustain longer and will recur their value more slowly. Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 1984, are these stinting assumptions justified? Not necessarily, they can not fully figure the matter of these changes but history shows them that as long as their plant machinery are more up to date production will perform at a better rate which should lead to semiprecious resources requisiteed to conduct good business. 5. In origin 7, Harnischfeger describes the effect of last in first out origin evacuation on its reported profits in 1984. picture what is meant by last in first out small town and how reso lution affects a companys income statement and symmetricalness sheet. By LIFO liquidation means when a companys accounting sells its oldest parentage since the current sales are higher then current purchases then the liquidation will occur, meaning that sure-enough(a) inventory will be sold. The effect of the LIFO liquidation on the companys income statement is an increase in net income by $2. 4 million or $. 20 in fiscal year 1984. There is no income tax effect. On the symmetry sheet there is a decrease of inventory, due to liquidation. 4. The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfegers plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their value more slowly.Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 1984, are these economic assumptions justified? They cannot fully predict the outcome of these changes but history shows however, we know they were experiencing a drop in sales this would also mean that they were giving less use to their machinery, and that would cause less wear and tear to the machinery justifying and increase on the useful life of the asset. 5. In Note 7, Harnischfeger describes the effect of LIFO inventory liquidation on its reported profits in 1984. Describe what is meant by LIFO liquidation and how liquidation affects a companys income statement and balance sheet.The liquidation means selling of older inventory since the current sales are higher then current purchases then the liquidation will occur and as result any inventory not sold in previous periods must(prenominal) be liquidated. The company will benefit by an increase in net income by $2. 4 million or $. 20 in fiscal year 1984. Meaning that the net loss of previous year 1983 was bring down by rough 15. 6 million. The balance sheet would have decrease of inventory from 12. 6 mil in 1983 to 5. 5 mil in 1984. 6. Note 8, states Harnischfegers allowance for dubious accounts. Compute the ratio of the allowance to gross recei vables (receivables before the allowance) in 1983 and 1984.What would the allowance have been if the company maintained the ratio at the 1983 level? How much did the pre-tax income increase as a result of the changed ratio in 1984? The companys provision for in question(predicate) accounts receivables as a share of total receivables was 8. 4% in 1984. The corresponding percentage in 1983 was 11. 3%. If the company maintained the same percentage provision in the two years, the meritless debt expense in 1984 would have been $1. 5 million more than the reported expense. 7. Note 9, page 216, states that Harnischfeger fall R&D expense in 1984 recounting to the previous two years. Do you figure this change was motivated by business considerations or accounting considerations?How did this change affect the companys reported profits in 1984? Also R&D expense in 1984 decreased by $7. 0 million over the previous year. Most of this reduction was a result of the companys agreement w ith Kobe Steel, Ltd. Under this agreement, Kobe agreed to reimburse Harnischfeger up to $17. 0 million dollars of RD expense over a period of three years plus the company was reduced in its size so there was no need to that big expenditures on RD. 8. Note 11, describes a number of changes in Harnischfegers pension plans in 1984. Describe these changes as clearly as you can. What are the economic consequences of these changes to Harnischfeger and its workers?The reduction in benefits and wedges were significant from 1982 to 1984. In 1984 the pension expenses accounted for 1. 9 million, 1983 for 6. 5 million and 1982 for 12. 2 million The change in the return on investment assumption is for all US plans. The economic consequence is that there will be less expenditure made by these pension owners during the lifetime of their pension. The company accomplished a new plan, which goal was an receipts in the minimum pension benefit. This comprise in a restructure of the remunerative Empl oyees Retirement Plan. From one side that decision could help the company to rebuild the trust of customers and suppliers for continuing in business.From the other side, the workers would brave a significant economic confused and could lose the motivation to work for the company. But there is a possibility that a positive view could emerge because they could evaluate the companys efforts to keep them work there, and then cooperate to take the company to the next level. 9. How did the pension plan changes affect Harnischfegers financial statements in 1984? argon these changes likely to affect future profits? The effect of the changes in the investment return assumption rates for all U. S. plans, in concert with the 1984 restructuring of the U. S. Salaried Employees Plan, was to reduce pension expense by approximately $4. 0 million in 1984 and $2. million in 1983, and the actuarial present value of accumulated plan benefits by approximately $60. 0 million in 1984. This may have an effect on future profits. The pension plan changes affected positively the statements in 1984. little assets were available for benefits therefore, more income was reflected in the financial statements, which contributed to the cash to pay debt obligations. Furthermore, if reducing the debt, company could recover the banks and shareholders trust. 10. sum all the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 1984, and their effects on pre-tax profits and cash flows in 1984. 1. Change in the actualization of some types of sales. This resulted in a change in sales calculation.Harnischfeger incorporated products purchased from Kobe Steel, which were re-sold by the company, into its net sales. This increased aggregate sales and cost of sales by $28 million. The effect of the change in sales calculation was an increase in both aggregate sales and cost of sales by $28 million. Also, profit margin dropped from 1. 55% to 1. 44%, which represented a 7. 1% change in profit margin. 2. Change in the fiscal year for some foreign subsidiaries. By changing the fiscal year of foreign subsidiaries (ending period of September 30 instead of July 31), the effect was the lengthening of the 1984 reporting period for the subsidiaries from 12 months to 14 months.This increased sales by $5. 4 million. 3. Change in the depreciation methods on assets. The depreciation policy for financial reporting purposes was changed to a straight-line method from a principally accelerated method. The effect of the change in depreciation method (straight-line method) was a net income of $11 million realize in 1984. Overall, depreciation charges resulted in an increase of $3. 2 million in net income in 1984. 4. Change in the use LIFO liquidation in inventory valuation. The effect of LIFO inventory liquidation was an increase in 1984 net income by $2. 4 million, as gains. 5. Change in the allowance for doubtful accounts.The company familiarized its allowance for doubtful accounts to 6. 7% of sales for 1984 from 10% of sales in 1983. The effect of the change in the allowance for doubtful accounts was that it resulted in $2. 9 million in operating income for 1984. 6. Change in the R&D expenses. Harnischfeger significantly reduced its R&D expenses to $5. 1 million in 1984, from 412. 1 million in 1983. The effect of the change in R&D expenses was an increase in operating profit by $9. 1 million. 7. Change in employee pension plans. The effect of the change in pension plans was a reduction in pension expenses by $14 million and increase in net income by $3. 9 million, and a positive cash flow. 11.Accounting statements are used by investors, lenders, customers, employees, and governments in relations with Harnischfeger. Among these groups, who is most likely to see through the above accounting changes, and who is least likely to do so? The least likely to see through the accounting changes are just normal people who dont know accounting concepts because some methods of report ing can overstate or understate the numbers without a sustainable change so investors, lenders, and governments should be the ones to most likely see through the change and based on what they see they make a decisions. Employees in accounting, finance, and upper management should be able to see through the changes. 12.Are the accounting changes likely to help or to hinder Harnischfegers ability to implement its business plan? Be as specific as possible. Even thought the changes indicate an optimistic move, it does not see to it that the company is going to be able to implement its business plan. The changes made strongly justify companys wage hike in the periods analyzed. From my point of view, company reflects a positive result on management through its financial reports. Basically the committal to satisfy shareholders and business related entities such as banks and suppliers was accomplished by present the ability to overcome financial problems through management based on the financial statements.However, the accounting practice can be a matter of numbers toilet facility and it can be altered just to show easy actions. 13. Overall, what is your assessment of Harnischfegers future as of 1984? The company is taking a risk by expecting that the one-time make headway in income and cash in 1984 will enable the company to successfully expand internationally and grow in new high tech areas and become paying once again. They wanted to make their financial statements look pretty so that investors would deprave their stocks and suppliers would continue giving credit for macrocosm able to produce product and sell. They need to stop playing with accounting methods and cover the true story otherwise they will be in danger to not survive in a long run.

'Of Mice and Men – Friendship Essay\r'

'John Steinbeck shows how significant a companionship is and how much twain stack fire support for each(prenominal) unmatchable some opposite to survive. Take this bond away and it leave al oneness create a difficult and just ab come forward impossible journey for the ii work force in this apologue. John Steinbeck portrays Lennie and George as having the capitalest frigoalship in the world and enchantment George claims to not need Lennie, he agnises that he needs Lennie as much as Lennie needs him. The mutual relationship surrounded by George and Lennie is a genuine fellowship surrounded by two very different men. Lennie, a mentally handicapped, big man with bear issue out features and George, the small little problematic poke fun, with the brains and big leadership skills.\r\nAs the two men are trying to flight from a mishap that Lennie is in blame for, George like always tries to back him up. George and Lennie met one day when George was talking to his fr iends and told Lennie to jump glum of a bridge that they were both on. Since Lennie is mentally challenged he attempted this brainless movement and al near drowned. George feeling great philanthropy for Lennie thought of it as an obligation to be friends with Lennie to pay him back.\r\nAs the two got to know each other they became great friends and didn’t stop. Knowing that Lennie was handicapped, George would always take deal of him like a â€Å"cousin”. George proves that a good friendship is based on what someone’s personality is like, not how they sense of smell on the outside. George sticks more or less with Lennie even off when Lennie does make m each mistakes and almost puts George into danger. On page 34 George and Slim arouse a conversation. â€Å"You guys travel around unitedly?”\r\nâ€Å"Sure, we kinda look after each other”\r\nThis quote shows that George isn’t afeared(predicate) to say he and Lennie travel around toget her and isn’t embarrassed by his company. Throughout the whole novel, George always heed Lennie on his work and his positive abilities. bang-up friends always stick by each other. They always back each other up and they always help out when one of them is in need. Even though Lennie n invariably contributes to helping George, the reason isn’t because he will not. The reason for this is because George never gets into any type of trouble. Lennie is always the one who needs help, but I’m sure of it that Lennie would help George in any thoughtfulness. When George and Lennie talk to the boss George says to Lennie, â€Å"Let me do all the talking”. George proves to help Lennie out because Lennie is not too good with his words.\r\nGeorge and Lennies friendship grows stronger and stronger and it grows so strong that even the trip when George kills him is a sign of caring. I intrust that George has always wanted the best for Lennie and he knew that Lennie wou ld either be tortured in the end or get killed anyways. When George kills Lennie, it is in my belief that this is the biggest act of respect and roll in the hay towards Lennie. George never wants to see Lennie get hurt, so this is the only way he can let Lennie resilient a glad spirit without getting hurt inside. If I were George I would do the exact comparable thing. It’s tough letting go of a friend, but sometimes it in the best interest of your friend. The last circumstance that showed a great friendship was when George say â€Å"We gonna get a little dapple (pg. 105). This showed that George wanted to settle down and operate with Lennie for the rest of his life. George and Lennie had such a great friendship that they both wanted to live and know each other forever.\r\nGeorge promised chickens, rabbits, and everything else that Lennie would ever want. He proposed to Lennie and to himself a great life with an amazing companionship. Lennie, only in the end realized h ow great their friendship was. He realized he took many things for grant and one of them was George. Lennie realized how much George had through for him and was soon relieved that George didn’t despise him. It’s too bad that it took Lennie that enormous to realize how good of a guy that George was and how much that he meant to George. I pretend that the most important part of this novel wasn’t who died, or the dream that they wanted.\r\nThe most important thing was the closeness of the two main characters because it doesn’t happen often that a great mutual coalition is found. Usually a temporary friendship is established, like the one that almost everyone has at school. You feign’t often realize two students who are such great friends that they know each other until they die. Everyone is so obsessed with how expensive someone’s clothes or jewelry is that they don’t have time to look deeper into a person and find what’s inside them.\r\nThe future generation is make full with a large percentage of change people who don’t localise enough on the person. Popularity is more important to some people for four long time (high school), than a real comradeship that lasts a lifetime. That is why I think that a great relationship is close to be the most important thing in life and I think that it is the subject that John Steinbeck tried to deliver to his readers.\r\n'

'ICT has changed the way people live, work and communicate\r'

'In shitation Communication engine room ( ICT ) has signifi chiffoniertly changed the manner people live, work, channelize and learn. Therefore, ICT influences many parts of our plants and lives, every fight good as many of our assoil clip activities. The fact is it includes a mixed figure of tools worry reason elevator cars which wait on to better human life. In nurture to be more specific it has been proved that ICT is a re tout ensembley of import per centum of training and encyclopedism procedure. ICT creates young signifiers of larning that enkindle be customized to pupils demands. U hum ICT tools, such(prenominal) as multimedia, e-mail, synergistic make upation, CD-ROM, reckon simple weapon simulations, compute simple machine lab and www-based choices, crapper form charge so that the pupils can miss the acquisition procedure. Lessons that based on the scholars ‘ accomplishments can be designed in new and more effectual ways.A Enhancing collaborat ive activities among pupils utilizing networked cipher machine labs. Students can dis material body subjects contract by the t apieceer utilizing on-line discussion forums. Scientific surveies ar going easier by dint of reason machine simulations and ocular tools alter pupils to better understand constructs ( Morrison, Lowther and DeMeulle, 1999 ) .\r\nThe combine of ICT in the guidance domain is of import to buy the farm into the ch every last(predicate)enges presented by new tendencies, particularly with the fickle communicating of cognition. It is of import that the pupils become familiar with the construct and us come along of ICT in put together to fit them for future occupation market. Besides, the instructors can accomplish better quality in instruction methods.A A1.2 genteelness scheme in Saudi-Arabian-Arabian ArabiaThe primordial instruction clay began in Saudi Arabia in the thirtiess. By 1945, pansy Abdulaziz bin Abdelrahman Al-Saud, the cite ‘ s laminitis, had initiated an extended plan to set up civilises in the Kingdom. Six sure-enough(a) progresss subsequently, in 1951, the state had 226 cultivates with 29,887 pupils. In 1954, the Ministry of Education was constituted, headed by so Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz as the freshman Minister of Education. Primary, liaise and utility(prenominal) indoctrinates be handled by the Ministry of Education, but policies sing terce instruction argon handled by the Ministry of high Education, established in 1975 ( Ministry of Education, 2010 ) .\r\nThe kindergarten in Saudi Arabia is non-mandatory. It starts when kids aged 3-6 superannuated ages. Nurseries and kindergartens atomic number 18 supervised, established and fortifyed by different sectors ; the closed-door sector, the Ministry of Education, familiar Presidency for Girls Education, the Ministry of Labour and amicable Affairs, Ministry of Health and governmental and unavowed universities.\r\nThe ordained instruc tion in Saudi Arabia starts from primary schools and above. A brief description for each phase is as numbers:\r\nPrimary schools in Saudi Arabia consist of six classs ( from age 6 to 12 ) . Get belt run through with(predicate) from this phase the male child and misss are separated in different schools.\r\n midpoint schools in Saudi Arabia or intermediate schools consist of three classs ( from age 13-15 white-haired ages old ) .\r\nIn Saudi Arabia at that frame are different sorts of standby schools handle usual inessential schools, commercial, proficient and vocational supplemental winding schools which are under The General Organization for Technical Education and vocational Training. The general secondary schools consists of three classs 10, 11 and 12 ( from age 16-18 old ages old ) ( Ministry of Education, 2010 ) .1.3 ICT in Saudi ArabiaDeveloped and ontogeny states dumbfound responded to the challenge by originating national plans to present figure machine techno logy into instruction. Saudi Arabia made great paces in the countries of computer science machine pass in instruction. With take note to the figuring machine usage as skill stuff within the row of subject of general instruction or its usage in the disposal of the educational procedure. Saudi Arabia takes the services of figuring machines and introduced it in instruction since 1996 as a tool and frame of study to focus instruction corpse. Consequently, electronic computer labs have been established in secondary schools to learn computing machine scientific discipline as a topic. galore(postnominal) undertakings were apparatused beside part from private sector to the airing of computing machine elaboration in line with the Ministry of Education broadcasts ( estimator and cultivation Centre, 2008 ) .\r\nThe Ministry of Education ten-year strategic political program was established in 2004. It stated that its nurture and communicating engineer ( ICT ) end is to dev elop the substructure of information and communicating design and its employment in instruction and acquisition ( computing machine and Information Centre, 2008 ) . This comprehensive program for the incorporate of engine room in instruction, with many undertakings such as:\r\nKing Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz undertaking for the instruction of state-supported instruction was in 2007. It has a cypher of SR 9 billion and aimed to warrant the handiness of a extremely competent and motivated work force in the hereafter. The undertaking go away get down with making a hi-tech schoolroom purlieu in the Kingdom in six old ages. More than 400,000 instructors bequeath be trained to manage categories in the hi-tech manner ( Ministry of Education, 2008 ) .\r\nThe Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia identified 39 stairss to implement this undertaking which includes tier of study development, schoolmaster development programmes for instructors, betterment of the educational milieu and the extra-curricular activities for pupils of the more than five million pupils ( Ministry of Education, 2007 ) . The death penalty of this undertaking required the readying of persist of study, digital electronic books and educational elements of the course of study, and constructing proficient criterions compound into the course of study, course of study development at all phases, get downing from primary through to secondary school. In fact, MOE identified social club stairss to better the educational environment including associating all schools through high-velocity digital communicating and planning webs within schools with the necessary waiter, and turn ining portable Personal computer ( laptop ) devices to each instructor for readyings and lessons.\r\nThe Saudi authorities ‘s end is to intermix ICT with instruction ( Ministry of Education, 2007 ) . As a consequence, the Computer establish Labs undertaking has been established in schools crossways a scope of different engine rooms. wizard of the Ministry of Education precedences is the development of knowledge election Centre ( LRC ) in each school to supply information through ICT. LRC aspiration to supply appropriate acquisition environment that allows the scholar to take advantage of several(prenominal) different types of beginnings of acquisition and make self- development chances and heighten his accomplishments in research and geographic expedition, enable the instructor to follow the modern methods in the design of the lesson and develop stuffs, act and rating. This twelvemonth is the 3rd stage of the constitution of encyclopedism Resource Centre in the universal schools. Therefore, this undertaking contributes to increase pupils ‘ technological subtlety and the effectivity of lessons. Furthermore, the authorities encourages the investing in E- information or â€Å" distance instruction ” to supply instruction and preparation of national workers.\r\nIn shor t, Saudi MOE gives precedence in heighten instruction and acquisition procedure and developing educational environment with all updated engineers.1.4 contention of product lineThe hereafter of the computing machine design as an educational tool which allows the fundamental interaction in the midst of the scholars and lesson, distinguishes computing machine applied science than the remainder of the educational tools that came onward it. Furthermore, Banathy ( 1996 ) asserts that the incorporate of computing machine engineering science in learning and acquisition is an educational cheat that touches all facets of a school system such as course of study, instructional patterns, learning schemes and techniques, schoolroom scenes, stuffs, resources, instructors ‘ preparation and professional person development, appraisal, etc.\r\nTeachers are an of import agent in the movement of computing machine engineering integration in instruction. Without the elaborateness of ins tructors, well-nigh pupils may non take advantage of all the available possible benefits of computing machine engineering on their ain. The educational system in Saudi Arabia keeps increase the attending in recent old ages on developing instructors and course of study. Promoting the usage of modern learning AIDSs such as computing machines and develop instructors ‘ accomplishments. The Saudi Ministry of Education has launched ambitious programs to incorporate engineering in instruction, and attention was given to both instructors ‘ and pupils ‘ computing machine accomplishments, like set uping the Learning Resource Centres which to a great completion depending on computing machine engineering to supply information for scholars, computing machine labs and computerized scientific discipline labs to research its sundry(a) applications in the Fieldss of instruction ( Computer and Information Centre, 2008 ) .\r\nTeachers ‘ phases of dread closely this intro duction are an of import component to promote instructor to incorporate computing machine engineering in their instruction. Without the cognition of instructors ‘ phase of disturb in this contrivance it allow for be hard how to continue in the proceeding of computing machine engineering integrate in instruction and acquisition among instructors in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, because instructors play primeval function in the diffusion of educational invention it is indispensable to cognize their phase of head ache about this invention tour most of the surveies investigate instructors ‘ attitudes and degree of usage of computing machine engineering in learning and larning. Besides, larner preparedness is a cardinal to measuring a instructor ‘s ability to originate, develop or follow a given invention ; it is useable for decision makers and pedagogues to understand instructors ‘ stage businesss, both before and during the execution stage of an inventio n ( Fullan, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Hord, Rutherford, Huling-Austin, and foyer ( 1987 ) , alteration is best carried out by single instructors, and, therefore, placing instructor rivals about an invention is indispensable in easing the sufferance procedure and besides they recommended the usage of the Concerns-Based acceptation Model ( CBAM ) to steer invention execution to a successful point of acceptance. A few surveies about instructors ‘ phases of concern in The Arabic context like Al Shammari ( 2000 ) in his fall over in instructors ‘ concern about computing machine engineering execution in the intermediate schools in Kuwait. He indicates that instructors with many old ages of cognize expressed higher impact concerns, while instructors with few old ages of fuck inform lower ego concerns.\r\nOn the some other manus most of the surveies focus on one learning country like scientific discipline instructors ( Dass,1997 ) , English instructors ( Aziz,2008 ) , co mputing machine instructors ( Al Shammari,2000 ) and societal surveies instructors ( Al-Aghbari,2007 ) . … …\r\nTherefore, the job of this bailiwick is because of the deficiency of information sing Saudi secondary schools instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and acquisition.1.5 investigate aimsThe enjoyment of this research is to look into Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning. The research aims are:\r\nTo nursing home Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and acquisition.\r\nTo place the deviances between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning experience.\r\nTo place the differences betw een Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of country of learning country.1.6 Research inquiriesThe information of this survey will be analyse to reply the undermentioned inquiries:\r\nWhat is Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning?\r\nIs there a of import difference between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning experience?\r\nIs there a important difference between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning country?1.7 meaning of the surveyDeriving an grasp of the instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of c omputing machine engineering for learning and larning may supply utile penetrations into engineering integrating and use of engineering in learning and larning. It is expected that the consequences of the research will steer future research and development in the state and sketch the richness of the usage of information and communicating engineering in instruction for instructors, pupils, and decision-makers.\r\nBesides, this research will lend to the research on instructors ‘ concerns about the acceptance of an invention. The findings of this survey can sanction the facilitators of alteration to do appropriate determinations on when and how to supply support to single instructors during the execution of ICT integrating in Saudi instruction.1.8 Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is conducted with the undermentioned bars: it is applied in Saudi general secondary schools in Al-Hassa state. The private general secondary schools, the proficient and vocational establishments and the schools in rural country are non included in this survey. Another restriction of this survey that the sample is from the male childs ‘ vicarious schools instructors merely because the educational system in Saudi Arabia is gender-based.\r\nData will be collected from Secondary schools instructors in Al-Hassa state in Saudi Arabia by utilizing lone(prenominal) Phases of Concern Questionnaire ( SoCQ ) as a study instrument of this survey. Therefore, the consequences from this survey can non be generalized to all the Saudi secondary schools.1.9 Operational definitionsSaudi Secondary school instructors: this refers to instructors who teach in the 3rd phase of general instruction system in Saudi Arabia. This phase consists of classs ( 10-11-12 ) where the pupils are in the age from age 16-18 old ages old. Teachers in this survey are in different learning countries.\r\nComputer engineering: This term refers to the generous scope of digital hardware and pile used to back up instruction and acquisition across the course of study, runing from desktops, laptops, handheld computing machines and applications, local web and the internet to digital peripherals such as cameras, scanners and adjustive devices. It does non include older parallel media such as movies ( Centre for Applied Research in Technology Education, 2005 ) .\r\nThe integrating of Computer engineering: The incorporation of engineering resource ( computing machines and specialised package, network-based communicating system and other equipment and substructure ) and technology-based pattern into day-to-day modus operandis, work and direction of schools ( Christensen,1997 ; US part of Education,2002 ) . It refers to the usage of computing machine engineering to heighten instruction and better the pupils larning ( Baker, 2003 ) .\r\nPhases of concern: It refers to the phases of concern in CBAM which includes Awareness, Informational, Personal, Management, Consequences, Collaboration and Ref ocusing.\r\n'

'Mitch Snyder\r'

'Mitch Snyder (1943-1990) is k in a flashn mostly for his gain advocating for the rights of dispossessed people and specifically as a leader of the Community For creative Non-Violence (CCNV). CCNV began in the early 1970s as an anti-war group and evolved into an organization that bears food, clothing, shelter, and educational programs for the brusque and homeless person. Towards his goal of improving the lives of homeless people, Snyder diligent non-violent confrontational balk tactics aimed at shocking the public and drawing media watchfulness to this cause.\r\nThese protest tactics include edifice occupation, construction of a tent city in Lafayette Park, vandalism, and hurt strikes. During his time in prison, Snyder converted to Christianity and fully embrace a radical Catholic form of well-disposed protest. Snyder served two years in federal official prison, 1970-1972, for violating the Dyer Act. While in prison at the Danbury Correctional facility in Danbury Connecti cut, he met the radical anti-war Catholic Priest Daniel Berrigan and same Berrigan, Snyder became an outspoken critic of the Vietnam struggle and the preaching of prisoners in federal correctional facilities.\r\nHis protest methods included prisoner work strikes and hunger strikes. The policy-making and spiritual conversion he experienced in prison do his life. Upon being released in 1973 Snyder came home to join his family. Less than one year afterward he left his family again and get together the Community for Creative Non Violence (CCNV) in Washington, D. C. CCNV was at that time operating a medical clinic, a pretrial house, a soup kitchen, a thrift farm animal and a halfway house. CCNV came out of a discussion group about the Vietnam war at George Washington University.\r\nCCNV was also rattling active in non-violent direct meet in opposition to the Vietnam War. Snyder became the driving surprise of CCNV but worked with many an early(a)(prenominal) deeply affiliat ed people including his life and professional partner, chirp Fennelly; Mary Ellen Hombs, with whom he co authored Homelessness in America: A Forced marching to Nowhere; and Ed and Kathleen Guinan. Snyder dedicated himself to rouse the case conscience and challenging the political system. Starting in the late 1970s, he had begun organizing demonstrations designed to call attention to the unmet necessarily of homeless men and women in the streets of the nations capital, a lot leeping on steam-heat exhaust grates locate near federal twists. Headline-grabbing protests that Snyder sparked †as a leader of a onetime anti-Vietnam War organization, the Community for Creative Nonviolence †included a December 1978 takeover of the study Visitors Center, near Union Station, by homeless people. The action forced the city to provide more shelter space. In November 1981 †deuce-ace months after the New York settlement †Snyder take a group of about one hundred fifty ac tivists and homeless people in edifice and occupying a tent camp they called â€Å"Reaganville” in Lafayette Park, across from the White House.\r\nIn label the camp after President Reagan, the activists were assay to evoke the Great Depression, when the jobless and homeless built camps they called â€Å"Hoovervilles,” after President Herbert Hoover. The nigh year, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance that also guaranteed the right to shelter, and in 1984 Washington finally acted. Partly in response to Snyders and other(a) protests, Washington voters in 1984 passed the nations first referendum measure guaranteeing â€Å"adequate nightlong shelter” to homeless people †a statutory equivalent of the New York effective agreement.\r\nHe and CCNV pushed and prodded the District of Columbia, the local churches and temples and mosques, as well as the federal organization to open space at night for homeless people, and worked to staff the space that was make av ailable. Through demonstrations, public funerals for people who had cold to death on DC streets, suspension into public buildings, and stronging, CCNV forced the creation of shelters in Washington and made homelessness a national and international issue. In the 1980s Snyder, Fennelly, and other CCNV activists entered and occupied an abandoned federal building at 425 2nd Street N. W. now Mitch Snyder Place) and housed hundreds overnight while demanding that the governance restore the building. Under intense pressure, the Reagan disposal concord to lease the Federal property to CCNV for $1 a year. Later the Federal government transferred the property to DC. It remains the largest shelter in Washington to this day. Snyder fasted twice to force the Reagan administration to renovate the building. The first fast finish on the eve of Reagans second alternative when Reagan promised to execute necessary repairs. Reagan failed to follow finished on this promise, and litigation ensued .\r\nAn Oscar-nominated documentary, Promises to Keep, narrated by Martin Sheen, follows that point and tells why a second fast was conducted. Sheen also played Mitch Snyder in the made-for-TV movie, Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story. Angered that Holy Trinity Parish in Georgetown planned an expensive renovation of that past church, and maintaining that the money involved should be abandoned instead to the poor, Snyder stood in the middle of the throng throughout the Sunday Mass for many weeks as a protest, while other congregants knelt or sat during the service as was customary.\r\n'

'French and Russian Revolution Essay\r'

'The years 1789 and 1917 held connaturality in the fact that they were the beginning of years of converse chaos in atomic number 63. In 1789, France was at the beginning of what was to be known as the French Revolution. And coincidentally so was Russia in 1917. These transitions changed Europe in many ways, curiously politically; the aftershocks were felt for decades after. Resemblances were held in the generalisation execution, and follow-up; some differences did exist as tumesce in the process. The pronounce of wars of 1789 and 1917 held mainly brotherly and political similarities as well as a few differences.\r\nThe French rotary motion in 1789 evolved kayoed of a asseverate of fiscal crisis. France had lost copious amounts of bills supporting the the Statesn Revolution. There was dearth across the country; the peasants were unhappy. France had no money, and Louis 16 consulted an advisor on the issue. In the end, the Estates-General, a form of parliament, was born. The third estate, ordinary people, became thwart and vowed at the Tennis Court anathema on June 20th, 1789; it can be con perspectivered a bottom-up revolution, beginning from the get class. The Russian revolution emerged out of a similar scenario. There was widespread famine and destitution across Russia. Bloody Sunday in 1905, a demonstration marched towards the Winter Palace, was orchestrate by peasants, similarly a nonher bottom-up case. In its wake, tzar Nicholas II implement the Duma, a form of parliament, in an strive to cultivate the crisis. Demonstrations act until full revolution stone-broke out in 1917.\r\nAlso, tsar Nicholas II, in an attempt to unite his country, placed Russia at war during WWI in 1914. This broke the state up plain boost; civilians found it humiliating because of the battles lost, famine continued to spread, and many people were dying. Similarities prior to the revolutions of France and Russia hold financial crisis, implementation of a f rame of parliament in an attempt to solve the pending revolutionary crisis ( two bodies be diagonal and end in dissolution), famine and/or bread riots, poverty, dissatisfaction among peasants, strain on resources because of familiarity in other wars, initiation from the lower class (with unrest directed at nobility), and a monarchy controlled state. Another uncanny resemblance between the two beginnings of revolution would be the influence\r\nof literature. France had Voltaire and his contributions about the separation of perform and state. Russia gained influence from Karl Marx and his ideas on Socialism in the Communist Manifesto.\r\nSimilarities of the revolutions while they played out exist heavily as well. outside intervention occurred in twain scenarios. In the Declaration of Pillnitz in 1791, Prussia and the Holy romish Empire declared their support for Louis xvi by demanding his return to the throne. This resulted in France declaring war upon Prussia. In the Russian Revolution, Great Britain, America and France (Allied originators) intervened by joining the white side in opposition to communism. In both scenarios there is class tension. The revolutions were a staccato between parliament and street. In France, the tierce Estate was over against the monarchy after existence shafted in the Estates-General. In Russia, the Soviets were not in regard of the Duma. The revolutions were not just a endeavour inwardly parliament but within the public as well. The storming of Bastille on July 14, 1789 was an blast by the public on the state prison. The monarchy’s vulnerability is exposed for the starting time. The storming of the Winter Palace in 1917 excessively demonstrates the public’s intervention on the monarchy.\r\nThe period after the revolutions held similarities and differences. In the end, both monarchies were sentenced to death in France and Russia. King Louis xvi and his family are put to death; Tsar Nicholas II and h is family are put to death. both revolutions degenerated into civil war, a period of chaos. In France, the Reign of Terror resulted in thousands of civilians being killed. In Russia, after the war in the 1920’s, more civilians died because of poverty and famine than the setoff World War and the revolution combined. both revolutions end in undemocratic political control. Napoleon emerged as the dictator in France. And Lenin came to situation in Russia, which eventually the power went to Stalin. However, the differences that lie between these two revolutions are the goals. France was in search for a capitalist democratic state and to abolish the veritable totalitarian one. On the other hand, Russia cute a socialisticic regime. They wanted communism. Ironically, the immediate aftermath left both France and Russia with totalitarian governments, like their previous states.\r\nEventually however, the Soviet Union emerged as the first socialist state, while France eventual ly became a democracy. It is also important to note that in the aftermath of both these revolutions, each country entered subject matter stage world politics. France became an important chemical element in WWI, and Russia became a major power on the globe, especially during the Cold War.\r\n epoch Russia and France pursued a revolution in pursuit of two very distinct goals- communism and democracy respectively, they both managed to relieve oneself a totalitarian government again in the end. The revolutions hold mainly similarities amongst how they were initiated and executed. They even hold some similarities as well in the aftermath. Despite their minimal differences, they held a lot of the same ideas and problems. Both revolutions were events that changed Europe and the world in ways not only political, but social and scotch as well.\r\n'