Chinese Paleontologists Create a False Fossil Link Between Birds and Di

Chinese Paleontologists Create a False Fossil Link Between Birds and DinosaursAn phrase published in January of 2000, All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs, by Richard Monastersky in Science News Online seems to put an interesting spin on a corresponding article published about six months earlier in the scientific journal Nature. The article in Science News Online seems to imply that the article A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China, could be referring to forged fossils made up by Chinese scientists in order to provide the missing fossil link amid birds and dinosaurs. The article was published on September 16, 2004, by Xing Xu and Wu discusses the actual scientific findings of the Archaeoraptor lioningensis fossil, found in the northeastern province of Liaoning, China of what is the Sinornithosaurus millenii dinosaur. Monastersky and other paleontologists seem to view the fakery occurred in that the tail discovered for the dro maeosaurid is really a mirror image of the tail of the Archaeoraptor. The articles present completely different sides of the story as superstar creation strictly scientific and the other article presenting damaging information that could prove to be dramatic for the Chinese paleontologists that were apparently trying to make a ready(a) profit off the findings.Some background information on dromaeosaurids is theyre poorly characterized meat-eating dinosaurs that are a group of theropods known to have the nestled relationship to birds than that of any other specimen of dinosaurs. These dinosaurs are also thought to be among the fastest and most agile dinosaurs certainly aiding in their hunting of prey. These devil key features along with the bi... ... just like everyone else, scarce with the ever emerging technological world it seems that that code of ethics could be diminishing in one of the worlds oldest fields of study. It is a very hard thing to control and debate, but certainly scientists should try and continue to be fair and bonny as they always have been. Certainly it is easy to see from this example that a scientific lie may hold up at first, but after awhile people begin to catch on and in the end it just ends up ruining reputations and careers. Works CitedMonastrersky, Richard. All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs. Science News Online. 15 Jan. 2000. Vol. 157, No.3. Xing Xu, Xiao-Lin Wang and Xiao-Chun Wu. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature. 16 Sept. 1999.

Insane Macbeth :: essays research papers

An insane person is one that demonstrates foolish acts because of their poor mental state. In the bloodline of Macbeth, Macbeth is characterized as a brave soldier. His bravery on the battlefield earned him the titles of Thane of Cawdor and Glamis. The play leads the reader to believe that Macbeth is sane, but when he receives prophesy from the witches that he ordain be king, an insane character emerges from within. Macbeth demonstrates these characteristics when he claims to see a floating dagger and an illusionary ghost and also becomes obsessed with the idea of killing others, and not cosmos completely human. Macbeth displays the characteristics of an insane character because of his foolish acts and poor mental state when he visualizes the floating dagger, speaks to a ghost, becomes obsessed with killing others and with the idea of being invincible.When Macbeth begins talking to a ghost, his insanity becomes very apparent to the reader. From another one of the witches prophesi es, Macbeth is threatened by Banquo because his sons are to be king one day as well. Macbeth begins to see Banquos and makes foolish comments. He says, Macbeth The tables full Lennox Here is a place reserved sir. Macbeth Where? Ross Gentlemen, rise, his Highness is not well. (3447-49,53) In this quote Macbeth demonstrates his insanity because he thinks that the table is full and does not realize that the ghost he sees is invisible to the other sane people in the room. The others identity card that Macbeth is insane as well because Ross even suggests that he is not well. Macbeth also appears to be insane when he tries to talk to the ghost. Macbeth says To the ghost Avaunt And quit my sight Let the state hide thee (3493-94) Here, Macbeth is talking to the ghost and

Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath Essay -- Wife of Bat

  Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath          People argon living robots. They meet the norm. They go with the latest trend. They walk the latest walk and talk the latest talk. Even the brilliant ideas that sprout from peoples minds are a combination of other peoples thoughts and ideas friends, family and the media are the greatest influences. When a situation that is out of the norm confronts people, they are suddenly caught off guard, and instead of dealing with the situation, they shy away from it in attempt to pass along to their protective glass case the norm. Raymond Carver forces his reviewers to face discomfort, irritation, and confusion through reading The Bath. His spoken communication is dry, and the story is short. The characters do not have names, the language does not flow well, and the ending leaves the reader hanging. The message of the story is vague, and the plot lacks depth however, the details that this stor y reveals through the concise language surpasses any detail that A Small, Good affaire reveals through its abundance of words.   To begin with, The Bath lacks much usage of adverbs. Adverbs typically help describe an action so that the reader better understands either the character or the situation. Clearly, the point of not including adverbs in this short story is to force the reader to focus on what happens instead of how something happens. A short story is something glimpsed from the corner of the eye, in passing (Carver 558). A reader should not feel connected with the characters in the story because that is not the composes main concern. An author simply attempts to convey a message through some words in a page that is arranged in ... ... intentions for A Small, Good topic differ from his intentions for The Bath.   Throughout The Bath the reader struggles with many uncomfortable feelings, and although the reader may not immediately realize that he/she nooky subs ume to the story more than he/she knows, a relationship is present. The Bath does a good job of putting the reader in the characters shoes. A Small, Good Thing, on the other hand, provides a comforting feeling of knowing everything that happens, and knowing that everything works out at the end. Since there is a beginning and an ending to the story, the reader can conclude a meaningful message from the story and relate or apply it to his/her life. Overall, The Bath sets the mood of the story better than A Small, Good Thing because of its concise language and its focus on the glimpse instead of the big picture.  

Compare The Ways In Which Writers Tell Stories In The Following: The N :: essays research papers

The title of this essay states that I must include another textual matter, of my choice. The Naval Sisters tosh is written in the form of a transcript, whereas The obit of Captain David Goodwin is in the form of an article. I precious to choose something different to both of these texts, so on with these passages, I have chosen to incorporate Back to the Army Again by Rudyard Kipling. I decided on this text as it has refrains (which I stimulate particularly interesting and fun to say), also because I think it contains a sense of irony and holds an ambiguity within its simplistic structure.I shall start with The Obituary of Captain David Goodwin. The first things that struck me about this particular text was the fact that it had been printed in The Daily Telegraph, a fairly conservative newspaper that would have wanted to promote nationalism and preserve our countries remaining war heroes via our memories, and show that we are in fact a fearless nation It is a very factual piec e, and contains very short, and to-the-point paragraphs. The title itself, a seemingly dull and uninspiring title, gives us an almost immediate insight into the lack of emotion within the text. The purpose of this text is to chart Captain David Goodwins career and life, although we are told little about his life outside of his career. It shows his involvement within the war, and highlights his achievements. This article focuss in on the best part of his life, his naval career sea command. It can also be considered to be a genuine mark of respect, seeing as it is an obituary. I thought that it might also be a form of war propaganda, as it makes the war seem exciting and fun. It certainly portrays Captain David Goodwin as being a war hero. The quote included in the article, one horrid little man firing at us emphasizes the valour of him. He is referring to the Italian army as if they were a joke. The text starts off by stating his personal records, such as his age. It then gives a bri ef overview of his involvement in the war and the awards/medals that he gained. The author of this has done this so that we know what type of person we are dealing with, from the very second that we begin reading the text.

Away :: essays research papers

Away by Jane Urquhart is a complex novel that mixes romance, politics and family alone in to one flowing story. It follows the lives of many another(prenominal) different characters, but it is told through the memories of a woman named Esther. Esther attempts to sort through her great-grandmothers past, and her entire familys history. Away is a compel novel that captures the readers attention in the first few pages.      The beginning of the novel introduces the reader to Esther OMalley Robertson as the last of a family of extreme women. She is sitting in her home, memory board a story that her grandmother told her a long time ago. Esther is the first character that the reader is introduced to, but we do not really understand who she is until the polish off of the story. Esthers main struggle is dealing with her home on Loughbreeze Beach being torn down, and trying to figure out the mysteries of her familys past.      Mary is the next char acter that is introduced to the reader, and she is a very large part of the story. One day while Mary is at the beach a body washes up on the shore with many cabbages, kettles, and barrels of whiskey. She drags the body to the shore where she lies in the mans arms until he dies. This man was believed to buzz off been from an "other world" and this had a big effect on Mary. She locomote in love with this sailor, plane though he is dead, and it casts a sort of spell on her. Mary is known to the rest of the village as " absent" which means she is enchanted by this other world, the world of the sea. She felt as though her spirit were not in her humanly body anymore, and did not even consider herself Mary anymore. The spirits of the lake had given her a new name, Moira, and that is what she preferred to call herself. The villagers had no hope for, except for Father Quinn.      As the priest on the island, Father Quinn feels he must bring Mary back t o reality, but he finds it nearly impossible. He turns to his friend, Brian, who ends up convincing Mary to marry him. They have one child, Liam, and as famine and depression hit the island they live on, they are given the opportunity of a lifetime.

Away :: essays research papers

Away by Jane Urquhart is a complex novel that mixes romance, politics and family all in to oneness flowing report. It follows the lives of many different characters, but it is told through the memories of a woman named Esther. Esther attempts to sort through her great-grandmothers past, and her entire familys history. Away is a compelling novel that captures the readers upkeep in the first few pages.      The beginning of the novel introduces the reader to Esther OMalley Robertson as the last of a family of extreme women. She is sitting in her home, remembering a story that her grandmother told her a long time ago. Esther is the first character that the reader is introduced to, but we do not really understand who she is until the end of the story. Esthers main fence is dealing with her home on Loughbreeze Beach being torn down, and trying to figure out the mysteries of her familys past.      bloody shame is the next character that is intro duced to the reader, and she is a very gigantic part of the story. One day while Mary is at the beach a dust washes up on the shore with many cabbages, kettles, and barrels of whiskey. She drags the body to the shore where she lies in the mans arms until he dies. This man was believed to have been from an "other world" and this had a big effect on Mary. She falls in tell apart with this sailor, even though he is dead, and it casts a sort of spell on her. Mary is known to the rest of the village as "away" which means she is delight by this other world, the world of the sea. She felt as though her spirit were not in her humanly body anymore, and did not even consider herself Mary anymore. The spirits of the lake had given her a new name, Moira, and that is what she preferred to call herself. The villagers had no hope for, except for Father Quinn.      As the priest on the island, Father Quinn feels he must bring Mary back to reality, but he find s it nearly impossible. He turns to his friend, Brian, who ends up convincing Mary to marry him. They have one child, Liam, and as famine and depression hit the island they live on, they are given the opportunity of a lifetime.

Reaction Plan on Global Warming Essay

Global warming refers to an increase in the average temperature of the ball as a result of the greenho expenditure effect, in which gases in the upper atmosphere trap solar radiation close to the planets place instead of allowing it to dissipate into space. Both native and human-made conditions can contribute to global warming, but human beings can do several things to reduce the effects. The biggest cause of global warming is the precipitate speed dioxide released when fossil fuels such as oil and coal are burned for energy. So when you rescue energy, you fight global warming and save money, too. Here are some easy steps that you can take to help make a difference 1. Limit Private Vehicle Driving. A very easy way to control ozone depletion would be to limit or reduce the amount of driving as vehicular emissions eventually result in smog which is a culprit in the deterioration of the ozone layer. Walk, bike or take the bus more often. Youll save one pound of deoxycytidine m onophosphate dioxide for all(prenominal) mile you dont drive.2. Use Eco-friendly Household Cleaning Products. Usage of eco-friendly and natural cleaning products for household chores is a great way to prevent ozone depletion. This is because numerous of these cleaning agents contain toxic chemicals that interfere with the ozone layer. A lot of supermarkets and health stores sell cleaning products that are toxic-free and made out of natural ingredients. 3. Avoid apply Pesticides. Pesticides may be an easy solution for getting rid of weed, but are harmful for the ozone layer. The best solution for this would be to try using natural remedies, rather than heading out for pesticides. You can perhaps try to weed manually or mow your garden consistently so as to bend weed-growth.4. Dont Burn Your Trash. Every burning emits carbon dioxide especially plastic. Instead of burning your waste, segregate them and some things like cans and plastic can be sold while some can be recycled. 5. Pla nt a Tree. A single tree will absorb one ton of carbondioxide over its lifetime. Because carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, planting trees and other plants can slow or stop global warming. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They use carbon to build their own tissues and return some of it to the soil in a process called sequestration. Deforestation of rain forests is a salient contributor to global warming and CO2 emissions, but planting new trees, even in your own backyard, can help to strikeset this. 6. wriggle off Electronic Devices. Simply turning off your television, stereo and computer when youre not using them will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a year.7. Conserve Water. Turn off water immediately whenever youre not using it, and repair or replace leaky faucets and toilets. 8. Change a Light. Replacing one well-ordered light bulb with a hale fluorescent bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds little energy, and give off 70 percent less(prenominal) heat. 9. Reduce Fossil Fuel Use. Burning fossil fuels increases the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. There are two ways to reduce fossil fuel use Use less energy, or use alternative, nonpolluting energy sources like solar and wind power 1) At home, this translates to saving electricity by using energy-efficient appliances and compact fluorescent light bulbs, as well as reducing gasoline use and buying green power from your electricity provider, if available.10. Reduce Waste. The production of scraps contributes to global warming both directly and indirectly. Decomposing waste in landfills produces methane and other greenhouse gases. Waste also requires energy to manufacture in the first place. trim back your consumption patterns and reusing items whenever possible minimizes y our carbon footprint, since fewer new items need to be made. Recycling metal, plastic, glass and paper lowers greenhouse gas emissions, since recycled items take far less energy to manufacture than items produced from scratch.11. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the economy size when that makes disposition for you) will help to reduce waste. And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isnt a recycling program at your workplace, school, or in your community, solicit about starting one. By recycling half of your householdwaste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. 12. Tell Others about Global Warming. Many Filipinos are chill out not aware of this frightening situation of our world. Tell it to your friends, neighbors and to your classmates.

The Euthanasia Debate

Euthanasia is the pr conductice of voluntarily revokeing a life to relieve pain and suffering (Euthanasia. com/definitions). The act of mercy killing differs from the act of murder in that the somebody who will die makes the decision to hold on their life. In the result of murder, the person does not wish to end their life, but anther person intervenes to bring about their death against their wishes. Euthanasia is categorized as active and passive (Euthanasia. com/definitions). Passive mercy killing means failure to take into account life prolonging medical treatment and letting a distemper take its natural course without intervention.Active euthanasia means to take measures to end a persons life (Euthanasia. com/definitions). When the topic of euthanasia is discussed, active euthanasia is typically to what is being referred to. The debate over whether euthanasia, particularly physician assisted suicide, is bankable is a debate of global concern. Both sides of this debate su ck up cl proto(prenominal) defined positions. One side feels that assisted suicide is a form of forgiveness killing, and under certain conditions patients have a right to assisted suicide if it is their wish.However, opposites clearly oppose euthanasia, claiming that regardless of the circumstances, to end someones life early is wrong. The following will explore both sides of the euthanasia debate. Proponents The Netherlands and Switzerland were the first countries to legalize assisted suicide for those that were suffering from a painful or exsanguinously disease (Pollard). The trim d throw is hotly debated, and jurisdictions around the world switch back and forth continually on the issue. On the pro side of euthanasia, it is recognized as a right of the terminally ill in order to end their suffering.It is considered to be a basic tender right to die with dignity (Maisie). Proponents of the right to euthanasia propose that the right to die is a natural extension of a persons ri ght to make their own decisions on any other topic regarding their (Maisie). The concept that a person has a right to decide whether their life has value to them or not is considered to be a basic human right (Maisie). The right to take ones own life by suicide is considered to be unacceptable in many cultures, therefore it is looked go across upon as culturally unacceptable.However, suicide differs from euthanasia in that a person does not have a condition that would shorten their life, or place them in unbearable pain that is not expected to cease (Euthanasia. com/reasonsforeuthansia). People who commit suicide would have hope for a better quality life if they win help (St. Clair, 2009). Those who consider euthanasia are exercising their right to end their own suffering. Doctors are at the center of the euthanasia debate. They are in a position where they have an oath to do no violate.Preserving a life of suffering against the wishes of the patient, or ending that life can bot h be considered doing harm (St. Clair, 2009). Patients have the right to refuse any medical treatment that is against their wishes (Maisie). It is considered to be contradictory to disallow them the ability to end their life in order to end suffering (Maisie). Many of those who support euthanasia do so on the basis of preserving human rights and dignity. Opponents However, those that oppose the right to die do so ground on fears that it might be abused, and become a form of legalized murder (Maise).Concerns arise over legal heirs who might promote euthanasia for financial gain, or perhaps doctors who would hasten a death in order to receive an organ transplant (Maise). Opponents bring up many scenarios that would make the bioethics surround the issue even more difficult to resolve. For instance, would a mental illness be considered sufficient emotional pain to justify euthanasia, or would the person be considered to be incapable of making a rational decision in this regard (Hershey )? There are many such issues that weigh into the decision of whether to consider euthanasia to be a reasonable course of action.How to assess whether a person is actually competent to make their own decision when they are under the act upon of heavy pain medication is another issue in the euthanasia debate (Hershey). The arguments by both proponents and opponents are largely hypothetical. The circumstances of each case make it difficult to generalize and create effective policy regarding the issue. Both sides have valid points. The arguments of both proponents and opponents are supported by hypothetical situations and scenarios that have come into existence.This makes the issues surrounding the development of uniform legal and moral policies about euthanasia so difficult because of the many different circumstances. The issues surrounding euthanasia are highly emotional and highly personal. In conclusion, the central debate that is at the heart of the euthanasia issue can be reduce d to that of human rights. If the person decides to end their life and they have no hope of recovery, then the question shifts from care to whether or not they have a right to end their own life.They have a right to make other medical decisions about their own care, and they have the right to determine if they wish to be resuscitated if they should go into cardiac arrest (Patients Rights Council). They can make a living will and determine if they wish to have life-saving or even life-preserving measures should they become brain dead (Patients Rights Coucil). However, the issues regarding assisted euthanasia are complex and both sides viciously defend their position.

Transition Period in Commonwealth

Republic of the Philippines Polytechnic University of the PhilippinesQuezon City Campus Philippine HistoryChapter 8 ( commonwealth Period)Transition Joan Daang BBTE 3-1 The Philippine come estate Era 19351946 Flag Coat of weapons system The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the historic predecessor to the present-day Republic of the Philippines. From 1935 to 1946 the Philippines existed as a commonwealth of the United States. That Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by the United States Congress in 1934. When Manuel L.Quezon was inaugurated president in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a authorities of the Philippines. During its slightly more than a decade of existence the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the organization selected Tagalog, the dialect of Manila, as the official language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Womens suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-depression level before the Japanese occupation.The Commonwealth government was in exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines became an independent Republic as professional personvided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Philippine Constitution. The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law.The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the Philippines in January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government, champion by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmena went into exile in the U. S. , Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile and Osmena took over as president. At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. This government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led by Gen.Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered in September 2, 1945. After liberation, the Commonwealth government was restored. Congress convened in its first regular session on July 9, 1945. It was the first time the peoples representatives have assembled since their election on November 11, 1941. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate President, and Elpidio Quirino was chosen President Pro Tempore.Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house, while Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act 672, organized the central bank of the Philippines. The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of collaboration. In September 1945 the paying bac k intelligence corps presented the people who were accused of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese. Included were prominent Filipinos who had been active in the puppet government that the Japanese had been established. A Peoples Court was created to investigate and decide on the issue. Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were held on April 23, 1946. Sergio Osmena and Manuel Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won thus becoming the death president of the Philippine Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era formally ended when the United States granted independence to the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4, 1946.

‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this essay I aim to demonstrate an dread of Jungs character referencelity types by describing and evaluating his theory and to show how they efficiency recycl subject in upholding a therapist to determine therapeutic goals. I forget also look at some of the checks levelled at Jungs theory. Carl Gustav Jung, (26 July 1875 6 June 1961), was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, and the founder of uninflected psychology. His father was a Pastor, and he had an isolated tikeishness, becoming genuinely introverted, it seems he had a schizoid individual(prenominal)ity.Although Freud was involved with analytical psychology and worked with patients with hysterical neuroses Jung, however, worked with psychotic patients in hospital. He was struck by the universal symbols (or Archetypes) in their delusions and h completelyucinations (ref. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder (1989) p. 107). His work and influence extends demeanor beyond interpreting reputation, and he is considered to be one of the greatest thinkers to have theorised about life and how plenty relate to it.Carl Jung was among many great personality theorists who drew inspiration and focus from the ancient models equivalent astrology and the Four Temperaments. For hundreds of years there has been some kind of typology to try and cat egorise individuals positionings and behaviour, e. g. Astrology. Oriental astrologers invented the oldest form of typology accept is that there is a personality trait that is relevant to each sign and that a persons character/personality can be classified in ground of the elements fire water air and earth.Those under fire had a fiery nature and corresponding temperament and fate, etc. The ancient Greeks believed in the quad temperaments / quaternion humours, which can be traced back to Ancient Greek medicine and philosophy (400BC), especially in the work of Hippocrates the Father of Medicine) and in Platos ideas about character and persona lity. It was believed that in order to maintain health, people needed an even residuum of the four body fluids blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.These four body fluids were linked to certain organs and unhealthinesses and also represented the Four Temperaments or Four Humours of personality. The Greek physician Galen (AD 130-200) later introduced the aspect of four radical temperaments reflecting the humors the sanguine, buoyant type the phlegmatic, sluggish type the choleric, quick-tempered type and the melancholic, dejected type. Galen also classified drugs in terms of their supposed depressions on the four humors.He thus created a systematic guide or selecting drugs, which although scientifically incorrect were the foundation stone of treating psychological and psychiatric distemperes. Carl Jung costed personality and psychological types (also referred to as Jungs psychological types) from a perspective of clinical psychoanalysis. He was one of the few psychologist s in the twentieth nose candy to maintain that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence by means of mid-life and into old age. He foc expendd on establishing and developing a relationship in the midst of conscious and unconscious mind processes.Jung believed that Page 2 there was a dialogue between the conscious and unconscious and without it the unconscious processes can weaken and even jeopardise the personality and this is seen in one of his central concepts of individualism. He believed that individuation is a life long process of personal development that involves establishing a connection between the ego and the self, which could be brought to its highest realisation if worked with and the unconscious was confronted. (Stevens 1999) Jung, like Freud, referred to the ego when describing the more conscious aspect of personality.Unlike Freud he did non seek to minimise the unconscious side of the personality, but instead gave it equal status, complimentary to tha t of the conscious. He referred to the integrated personality as Self the centre of the total someone, including twain the conscious and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a persons qualities and latents whether or not they twist app atomic number 18nt at a particular stage of life. The goal of therapy is to guide the guest to become a unit of measurement a human organism as personal circumstances will allow.It was out of Jungs confrontation with the unconscious, both in himself and in his patients, that he slowly elaborated his psychology. In his 1921 work, constitution Types, Jung compargond his four functions (as shown below) of personality to the four points on a compass. While a person faces one direction, he or she still uses the new(prenominal) points as a guide. Most people keep one function as the dominant one although some people whitethorn develop two over a lifetime. It is solo the person who achieves self-realization that has completely developed all fo ur functions.His book also acted as the compass by which Jung tried to understand how he differed from Freud and Adler, but more importantly, could begin to chart the internal humanness of people. Jungs Four Psychological Functions atomic number 18 as follows Rational Functions ?Thinking (process of cognitive thought) ? savor (function of subjective judgment or valuation) enabling decision making Irrational Functions ?Sensation (perception using the physical sense organs ?Intuition (receptivity to unconscious contents) providing the development on which to make judgments.Jung held a deep appreciation of creative life and considered spirituality a central part of the human journey. There is a whole literature relating Jungian psychology and spirituality, mainly from a Christian perspective. This literature includes writings by Kelsey (1974,1982) and by Sanford (1968, 1981). Caprio and Hedbergs (1986) Coming Home A vade mecum for Exploring the Sanctuary Within is a practical guid e for spiritual work in the Christian tradition. It contains striking personal stories, excellent illustrations, and helpful exercises.(Frager & Fadiman 2005) Jungs definition of personality states that in order to Page 3 identify a psychological type it is necessary to determine whether a person is oriented primarily toward his inner origination (introversion) or toward external cosmos (extraversion), known as the fundamental attitude of the individual to violencee its importance. Jungs eight personality types are as follows ?Extroverted Thinking Jung theorized that people understand the world through a mix of concrete ideas and abstract ones, but the abstract concepts are ones passed deck from other people.Extroverted thinkers are often found working in the research sciences and mathematics. Introverted Thinking These individuals interpret stimuli in the environment through a subjective and creative way. The interpretations are informed by internal knowledge and understa nding. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are often introverted thinking-oriented people. Extroverted Feeling These people venture the esteem of things based on objective fact. Comfortable in social situations, they form their opinions based on socially accepted values and majority beliefs.They are often found working in business and politics. Introverted Feeling These people make judgments based on subjective ideas and on internally effected beliefs. Oftentimes they ignore prevailing attitudes and defy social norms of thinking. Introverted feeling people thrive in careers as art critics. Extroverted Sensing These people perceive the world as it really exists. Their perceptions are not colored by any pre-existing beliefs. Jobs that require objective review, like wine tasters and proofreaders, are best filled by extroverted sensing people.Introverted Sensing These individuals interpret the world through the lens of subjective attitudes and rarely see something for only wh at it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it meaning based on internal reflection. Introverted sensing people often turn to assorted arts, including portrait painting and classical music. Extroverted Intuitive These people prefer to understand the meanings of things through subliminally perceived objective fact rather than incoming sensory(prenominal) information.They rely on hunches and often disregard what they perceive directly from their senses. Inventors that come upon their invention via a stroke of insight and some religious reformers are characterized by the extraverted intuitive type. Introverted Intuitive These individuals, Jung thought, are profoundly influenced by their internal motivations even though they do not completely understand them. They let on meaning through unconscious, subjective ideas about the world. Introverted intuitive people comprise a significant portion of hugger-muggers, surrealistic artists, and religious fanatics.They are mystic dreamers, concerned with possibilities rather than what is currently present. Seldom understood by others. Repress sensing. Jung described himself as an introverted intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams, and so on, while extroverts prefer the external world of things and people and activities. Page 4 Today the words have become conf apply with ideas like unobtrusiveness and sociability, partially because introverts tend to be shy and extroverts tend to be sociable.But Jung intended for them to refer more to whether you (ego) more often faced toward the persona and outer reality, or toward the embodied unconscious and its archetypes. In that sense, the introvert is somewhat more mature than the extrovert. Our culture, of course, values the extrovert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our own type most, (Boeree 1996) a notion which is particularly useful to therapists today as it is important not to all ow personal feelings to take place when working with clients.Both introvert and extravert overvalue their strengths and each tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert seems egotistical and dull, and to the introvert, the extravert appears superficial and insincere (Fordham, 1966). Jung believed that a person remained an extravert or introvert without change for the whole of his life, and that heredity determines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a person is an introvert or extrovert they need to deal with both their inner and outer world. And each has their preferred way ofdealing with it, slipway which they are comfortable with and good at. This hypothesised stability of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical research using Non-Jungian measures of introversion and extraversion. (Cloniger 2000) Jung suggested a link between each of the attitudes and certain neurotic disorders which will be discussed later. We no w find the introvert-extravert dimension in several(prenominal) theories, notably Hans Eysencks. In Eysencks (1982) view people are biosocial animals and that psychology stands at the crossroads of biological sciences and social sciences.He states that psychology must become more of a true science with methodology in all that the therapist does in order to permit personality theorists to make predictions that can be tested and therefore make possible the development of the causal theory of personality, which he believes will inevitably help the therapist with clients presenting problems. Jung compared the conscious part of the psyche (ego) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice only the part above the water, even though there is a greater landmass below the water much like an iceberg, the unconscious lies below (Fordam1953).The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each individual consisting of perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that have been put to one side or repressed but not unceasingly covered by sea and therefore can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is unique to every individual, the corporal unconscious is shared or transpersonal and consists of certain potentialities that we all share because of our human nature, because we all live in groups and in some form of society or family life.He believed that the corporate unconscious did not develop individually but was inherited and consisted of pre-existent forms, the archetypes. An archetype is a universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways and is crucial to Jungs concept of the collective unconscious because it emphasises potentialities in which we may express our humanness. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams, art, ritual, myths and symptoms.Eysenck believed that from a point of view of science, Jungs contribution to the study of personality types had been primarily negative as he permitted mystic al notions to upset empirical data and sought to go beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A person is not usually defined by only one of the eight personality types. Instead, the different functions exist in a hierarchy. One function will have a superior effect and another will have a secondary effect.Usually, according to Jung, a person only makes significant use Page 5 of two functions. The other two take inferior positions. Jung believed that it was not sufficient to possess just one of the above-mentioned functions to be a well-rounded personality and be able to face lifes experiences. Jung described two of the four functions as rational and two as irrational also he used the terms judicial decision/perceiving. Thinking can account for logic and judging. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling function.These two functions are known as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are known as irrational functions because it is what is seen in the external world (sensation) and inner world (intuition). In practice, the auxiliary function is always one whose nature, rational or irrational, is different from the primary function. For instance, feeling cannot be the secondary function when thinking is dominant, and vice versa, because both are rational and judging functions (Daryl Sharp. 1989. p.19) One of the four functions may be developed more, and this would be known as a primary or superior function, whilst the others may be classed as inferior.What this means is that a primary function is one which a person uses more, whilst perhaps, other functions are not used so much (inferior) and these might bring to a person feeling unable to cope with a situation in which an inferior function is needed to be active. Jung acknowledged that the four orientating functions do not contain everything in the conscious psyche. Will power and memory, for instance, are not included.The reason for this is that they are not typo logical determinants-though naturally they may be affected by the way one functions typologically thinking is always accompanied by an inferiority of feeling, and differentiated sensation is injurious to intuition and vice versa (ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15) Jung used the term libido to define what he meant by extrovert and introvert, it was not meant in a sexual way, like Freud, but as a term for energy. Introversion, writes Jung, is unremarkably characterized by a hesitant, reflective, retiring nature that keeps itself to itself, shrinks from objects and is always slightly on the defensive.Conversely, Extraversion is normally characterized by an outgoing, candid, and accommodating nature that adapts easily to a given situation, quickly form attachments, and, setting aside any possible misgivings, will often venture forth with careless confidence into unknown situations. (ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13). The balance between the two can be disturbed either way, on the one side, extr eme withdrawal, introversion or even psychosis, cuts a person tally from external reality. On the other side, excessively extroverted or constricted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or inner reality (Ref.Dennis Brown & Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81).Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes effortful to work out what personality type some people belong to, he stated, It is often very difficult to find out whether a person belongs to one type or the other, especially in regard to oneself (ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99) People change their way of behaviour in different circumstances, because this is the way they wish to be perceived, to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a persona (or a mask) where a person relays to others, someone they are not, seemingly to conform to others expectations of them.This is also known as the primitive side of the personality The persona Page 6 forms in early childhood, when a child forms in his mind what is acceptab le to his parents, teachers etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as the shadow. If the shadow is not allowed to surface, it will grow bigger. Jung believed that by facing up to your shadow, it may enable you to change it. The shadow may emerge in times of extreme anger/dreams. Jung believed that the shadow is essential as it allows an individual to view the world.We are each born with a natural balance. If our natural balance is upset due to repression or conditioning then our minds will in some way seek to restore the balance which Jung saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as the return of the repressed . The ego emerges out of the self in childhood. It is your individuality, who you are, your own ego appertaining just to you, the centre of consciousness. As you go into adulthood there may be trouble between the ego and self, as the individuals attitude change.Affirmation of the Self liberates its creative energies and brings certain knowledge that the bes t life is the life lived sub specie fraternisation (ref.. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 157). Jung seemed to place a lot of emphasis on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self, which he believed, will ultimately envisage change in behaviour. He was one of the few psychologists in the twentieth century to maintain that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. (ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38)..Jung disagreed with Freud on his views on sexuality i.e. the Oedipus complex. Jung preferred to call this complex a have sex aspect, of a mother/child and not a sexual one/incest, as Freud believed to be the case. Jung and Freud both agreed though, that unconscious thoughts (dreams) were the way to personal insight of the individual. After his parting with Freud, overtly because of disagreement about the importance of sexuality, but perhaps also over father-son rivalries, Jung again withdrew into what Heisenberg (1970) calls a creative illness during which he too conducted a self analysis (ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder (1989) p. 107).But he did not use free association, but provoked unconscious imagery which he wrote down, drew his dreams, prolonging stories which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychology. He spent long periods at his lakeside retreat, alternating between his inner world/ outer world. Freud, looked back into a clients childhood, whereas Jung looked to the future more and did not put much importance into the past, more in what can be achieved, the goals to aim for.. the hope.. of change. The unconscious mind of a man, Jung believed, contained a fe priapic element (anima), and a womans a male element (animus).These he believed to be linked to erotic desires, on what the individual finds attractive in the opposite sex. Another belief Jung held, is that if a person reacts very strongly to his anima/animus it may lead to homosexuality. This is what he believed, not which h as been proven to be true.Page 7 Jungs theories, I believe to be useful in therapy, because if you can assess an individuals personality, you can endeavor to make the therapy more applicable to their type which Jung viewed as their uniqueness as an individual, the wholeness. He did not hide behind a client like Freud,preferring to use a face to face method, where the client and the therapist are equal he also used personal work on dreams, a variety of ways to try and promote growth in the client, to look to the future.His views on mental illness gave some hope to a sufferer as he believed that within the psychosis experienced there is a personality concealed, with hopes, desires etc. he tried to understand them through interpretation. Jung saw mental illness as a flaw, as inferior, but tried to help the individual face this inferior side and approach his extroverted side to achieve wholeness.On the whole, Jungs typology is best used in the way that one would use a compass all typolo gical possibilities are theoretically available to the Self, but it is useful to be able to establish those co-ordinates that one is using to chart ones course through life. Jung accepted that this course is never intractably fixed it may be at any time be subject to alteration. Viewed in this light, awareness of ones psychological type is not a constraint but liberation, for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life, the existence of which one might otherwise never have discovered (ref.Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101)Jung possessed his critics, mainly Freudian, after his split with Freud in particular his Archetypes theories focusing on Jungs belief that the origins of archetypes (and their derriere in the collective unconscious) transcend to the individual, in that they reflect on ancestral or universal essence. The critique also examines a related notion of Jungs, that the collective unconscious unites us with the world around us in an immediate paranormal or synchroni zation sense. These notions of Jungs are found to be disadvantageously flawed.In spite of this, the critique suggests that Jungs belief in the genetic basis of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in mind, suggestions are do concerning needed modification in Jungs theory and concerning the kind of evidence required for its support. (ref. Journey of Humanistic Psychology, Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. Another criticism with regards to Jung is he does not delve into childhood experience in contrast to Freud and psychoanalysis and some psychologists find his theories difficult and drawn out.Also his theory does have a moderate amount of research and 2) Neither possible to verify or falsify. (ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 Conclusion In order to efficiently help a client and to determine therapeutic goals it is necessary to establish whether a person is primarily orientated toward their inner (introversion) or outer world (extraversion) and attached to assess which are the dominant and auxillary psychological functions of the client. Jung said that people connect ideas, feelings, experiences and information by way of associations in the unconscious in such a way as to affect their behavior.He identified these groupings as Complexes. He believed that they may be organised around a particular person or object and the therapist may use this knowledge to bring to the forefront of the clients consciousness a situation which they may be finding difficult to extricate from. The therapeutic goal of Jungian therapy is to help the client resolve unbalanced aspects of their personality which present in a number of differing ways of psychological disturbance.Examples include extreme negativity, addictions, degrees of paranoia, sudden religious conversion, in appropriate attachments to unsuitable partners, hysteria, mania, depression, hypochondrias or schizoid personality traits as Jung himself had as a boy. By understanding his theory and how each type may present the therapist can help them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a process in which the client is helped to come to terms with the place of self within their own world and also to help them see that they are part of a greater collective unconscious.Much of Jungs work was about the interconnectedness of all people and cultures. Today more than ever as we seek to become one world Jungs work with eastern as well as western religions and cultures seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical studies across the world has shown that personality types exist in all cultures and therefore concludes that there is a genetic component to personality types.Such cross cultural unanimity would be improbable if biological factors did not play a predominant part (Eysenck,1990) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors probably determine how much an individual will develop to their full potential. The use of appropria te assessment techniques can be invaluable in helping a therapist to develop the untapped potential within the individual and is so doing contribute to the collective unconsciousness and synchronicity of the planet as a whole.

Nature is our friend Essay

Time has come now to realize that the energies of the Earths own kingdoms are very precious The plants own natural state of love, joy and pride, is the core essence of Life. This is the understanding we all need to free ourselves from modification thought forms.see moretrees our best friends essay 150 wordsThe invigorated consciousness contains a great love both for the planet and the personality. The new thinking will make us change our attitudes to plants and animals that continuously give us gifts. Many people on Earth have taken the personality for granted. It is here as en obvious part of life, it seems, and very few of us have really noticed how some gifts we are receiving from plants and animals. Every ace particle in what we eat is conscious. Everything we take into our bodies comes from natureThe development has now entered a new track. We will all presently feel the connection to nature in a new way and start giving thanks to the specific plants that we love to eat an d use as a part of our life, for exemplification cotton an linen. It is really a gift from the plants to us. As they consist of conscious particles, they receive the gratitude from us by the particles mutual togetherness system.The Earth is an interesting planet for beings from many dimensions because it is very special because we have water and we have the rich life in nature as a consequence of that. This is an enormous abundance, consisting or the scintillation particles of our solar system. It is really time to appreciate that we live on the most precious planet in our galaxy. The journey through the suffering and separation is soon over. The next years to come, we all will open our eyes for the true gifts of nature. It will lead us to new choices. When we chose to incarnate in physical body, unrivalled of our goals is to enjoy nature because this is the only planet where we can do it. When we one day move on, our love for nature and our ability to visualize what it looks lik e, make us able to create trees and flowers in our gardens in higher dimensions..) by our own thought power.We live on a planet where we originally have veritable from simple beings, like Darwin discovered. However, we have not developed because thestrongest won like Darwin said. The human race is what it is because we were transformed from Neanderthals by creating masters that originally came from other civilizations in our galaxy thousands of years ago.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies In Zanzibar Environmental Sciences Essay

Integrated curse Management ( IPM ) was adopted by Plant Protection segment of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zanzibar to better agricultural labor on major(ip) crops ( rice, banana tree, manioc and veggies ) at little graduate table factory farm system. The multi-disciplinary group of IPM facilitators created consciousness to husbandmans by decl ar oning seminars, workshops and treatments. The IPM groups were formed through Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) . PRRA was besides used to place jobs and ontogenesis consumes. Farmer field School assault was introduced utilizing the random variable of the methodological abstract adapted from South East Asiatic Ecosystem. Farmers were empowered on environment aloney sound patterns such as disease free position stuffs certified seeds, botanical adjudge, etc. On-farm tests within Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) was besides conducted by participatory engineering development method. A chalk up of 52 husbandmans g roups affecting 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 males and 489 females ) present been trained. There was a output addition for all the gathers with the word meaning of IPM pattern, irrigated rice was from 2.2 4.4 haemorrhoid/ha, rainfed rice 2.3 3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5 33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2 11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3 17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9 33.6 tons/ha. The consequences had a severe impact in footings of acceptance of engineerings by the IPPM husbandmans and the adjacent husbandmans.1. IntroductionMore than 90 % of husbandmans in Zanzibar are resource-poor with no entree of input or recognition ( Abubakar, 2005 ) . They depend on subsistence agribusiness for their support, traditionally the cropping system is on little graduated table farms averaging 3 estates ( 1.2 hour angle. ) of cultivable write down and really complex. Rice was ranked an of import basic nutrient harvest followed by bananas and manioc ( Saleh, 2007 ) . Vegetables are considered as a hard curren cy harvest instead than nutrient harvest. Farming is being practiced is all over the is convey due to its adapatation to diverse scandal and environmental conditions. As a monocrop, rice is grown in paddy countries whereas veggies, manioc and banana were largely grown on infertile dirts or as an intercrop with sweet murphy, yams or lasting trees such as cloves and coconuts. This pattern serves several intents such as guaranting nutrient security, optimum system of dirt and infinite, eroding subdue and weed direction. Food security is unstable due to rapid commonwealth growing of 3.1 % ( Mzee, 2000 ) , economic growing is deficient to maintain up with population growing. some of the local cultivars were aban dod, their disappearing was linked with low opposition to plagues and diseases, drouth emphasis, market demand. The overall tendency in production has been diminishing due to figure of factors, depletion of dirt foods, population force per unit area. Output losingss caused b y plague and diseases can be up to 80 % . This has forced husbandmans to increase the production by increasing land area. However the mean output is still really low of 2-7t/ha.In response to these agro ecological and socio economic jobs, alternate production systems were tested e.g. genticide application, usage of chemic fertilisers, but resource hapless husbandmans can non afford them unless they get subsidies from the authorities. Therefore, to achieve an addition in nutrient production for the betterment of rural support, schemes for environmentally skillful pest control steps have to be adopted. The schemes could be developed based on a thorough cognition of traditional cultural control methods or IPM. Integrated Pest Management seem to be the best attack to increase production and lessening poorness in Zanzibar An Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) attack was adopted to cut down plague job and inordinate usage of pesticides ( Sharma et al. 2009 ) . The Farmer Field School ( FFS ) attack, a theoretical government note for IPM plan worldwide, with dramatic consequences in South East Asia ( Erbaugh et al, 2002 ) was besides adopted. Plant Protection division with its authorization on harvest protection issue in Zanzibar implemented IPM on four harvests ( rice, banana, veggies and manioc ) .2.0 The aim of presenting IPM plan wasTo authorise husbandmans with the ability to detect innovate or make solutions to their ain restraints instead than anticipating external inputs from the authorities.To increase production by developing farming engineerings utilizing locally available resources.To increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, therefore relieving poorness.3.0 MethodologiesWorkshops/Seminars to make awareness to insurance policy shapers, caputs of sections field agribusiness officers and husbandman.Multi-disciplinary squads of group of facilitators were formed dwelling members from different specialisation of agribusiness in the Min istry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) was conducted to intend up baseline information on husbandmans autochthonal cognition, jobs encountered. The activities employed wereMeetings, the first meeting discussed the aims and why work on participatory mode.Semi Structured question ( SSI ) was based on checklist from which the inquiries were addressed to husbandmans to beg their responses. Individual interviews were besides conducted. The information collected from different sources was used for com splinter the information to avoid confusion.Transect walk was make across the small town. The intent was to introduce the group with the farming system of the country, agro ecological state of affairs and socio-cultural feature of the people.Group Discussions The group treatments were conducted after the single(a) interview. Findingss and information were gathered presented and discussed.Training and Participatory treatments A program of action was formulated based on jobs and developing demands identified during the PRRA. Training was done through treatments affecting relevant capable affair specializer ( SMS ) . Some subjects were covered when demand arises.Farmer Field School Approach ( FFS ) FFS was adopted with the constitution to FFS, the clear of holistic attack was practiced without being restricted to the control of plagues and diseases. The rules followed were to turn healthy harvest, monitor field sporadically, analyze the agro-ecosystem ( AESA ) and do on-farm tests.4.0 Consequences4.1 Problem DesignationThe major jobs identified were from 4 major harvests. The general jobs for all 4 harvests were hapless harvest direction, usage of morbid seeds and seting stuffs, depletion of dirt foods, uninterrupted cropping on the same land on verifying SSI and ranking methodological analysis on participatory treatment the chief restraints became ( I ) plagues and diseases ( two ) hapless dirt birthrate ( de uce-ace ) inaccessibility of seeds ( four ) deficiency of proficient cognize how.For rice really few plagues were present and the staying insects were natural enemies which does non hold any loss the major jobs were soil birthrate and harvest direction. Nematodes, banana weevils and black sigatoka were the job for banana. High figure of plagues were present in vegetable Fieldss but the of import 1s were African bollworms, fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt which is a large restraint. Cassava brown Streak Disease ( CBSD ) and Cassava Mosaic Virus ( CMV ) for manioc4.2 Depletion of Soil FoodsThe diminution of harvest output was a effect of increased food emphasis which might hold been resulted in harvest susceptibleness of plagues onslaught and cut down capacity to retrieve from plague harm ( Spittel. 1997 ) . Farmers claimed hapless output was caused by uninterrupted cropping, and some of them is due to planetary heating, dirt eroding and scarceness of rains. most(prenominal) of the husbandmans did non but describe the restraints of hapless oil birthrate. To verify, if the premise was right, dirt samples were collected indiscriminately at a deepness of 25 centimeters and exhaustively assorted. They were sent for analysis at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro in 2007. The consequence of the Soil Analysis is as follows 3.6 % organic affair, pH ( H20 ) 4.7, 0.06 % entire N, 0.36 meq/100g of Exch base 3.8meq/100g available P ( Brays PI ) and textural category of sandlike clay ( Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007 ) .In all dirt pH, the organic affair content, N content and available phosphoric were really low. Even cassava and banana grows serious at pH 6.0 aa 7.5.Low pH may take to toxicity particularly for rice and veggies ( Spittel, 1997 ) . Therefore together with husbandmans, it was decided to better dirt birthrate through harvest farming.4.3 PrioritizationThe tools for prioritization were semi-structured interview, ranking ( matrix pairwise ) and seasonal calendar. The husbandman group identified its restraints and restrictions. In nutrient harvest ranking, all the four harvests were of import since intercropping is the methodological analysis practiced by resource hapless husbandmans in Zanzibar. In group treatments, SSI consequences and matrix, the jobs were ranked harmonizing to their importance. The ranking was ( I ) depletion of dirt foods ( two ) deficit of certified put stuffs. ( three ) plague and disease ( CBSD for manioc, banana weevils for banana, fusarium wilt for veggies and inordinate usage of pesticides for rice )4.4. Community Training and Participatory DiscussionThe preparation plan was focused on restraints identified by husbandmans. They were trained and empowered on different attacks of deciding by choosing options which they thought would be appropriate in their vicinity. Planning was done with engagement of the husbandmansThe community were empowered on recommended agricultural patterns, e.g. Com post readying, Agriculture Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , usage of biopesticides for control of plague and disease, biofertilizers to increase birthrate and other demand driven preparation. It was conducted during the cropping season to synchronise with the activitiesFor most of the jobs, harvest direction was found to be the best option. On-farm Tests were conducted on Banana Technology Transfer Trial. The consequence of paring banana corm on nematode direction and the consequence of pin downing on weevil direction. For banana sigatoka disease, the engineering adopted were the usage of tolerant cultivars and field hygiene. For CBSD, on farm tests were conducted on tolerant cultivars therefore, Mahonda, Kizimbani etc. , For Fusarium Wilt, the usage of tolerant cultivars eg. Salma, tegeru 99 was adopted. Other tests were on Cultivar Trial Tests were conducted on seting several assortments improved, local, septic and non septic cultivars. It in some way convinced husbandmans that wer e no symptoms on improved cultivars.4.5. Farmer Field School ( FFS )Plant Protection Division has been authorising staff and husbandmans through preparation to implement IPM-FFS in sustainable mode. The methodological analysiss adopted from were from West African and South East Asia Ecosystem of FAO. This attack should suit the subsistence and multi-cropping systems of Zanzibar husbandmans. The aim of FFS to authorise husbandmans to cut down the cost of production and maximise net income ( net returns ) , usage of farm inputs judiciously and seasonably, protect harvest production environment and minimise wellness jeopardies caused by inordinate usage of pesticides.At the FFS, the four cardinal rules turning a wellness harvest, supervising Fieldss on a systematic basis, conserving natural enemies, and doing husbandmans IPM experts were emphasized. Farmers were facilitated to pull off their Fieldss through regular observations, conduct on-farm participatory tests and finally made rat ional determinations about pull offing their Fieldss.The methodological analysiss of developing husbandmans at the IPM agriculture system was season spacious and it involved Agro-Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) and Particular Topics, Group kineticss and Evaluation. The ultimate purpose of this attack was the authorization of husbandmans to do appropriate determinations as to like an expert pull off their field jobs.Therefore Participatory Technology Development ( PTD ) which is the result of Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) which is a research conducted together with husbandmans on work outing field jobs. This was promoted by on-farm tests by proving tolerant assortments, harvest direction and betterment of dirt birthrate. The consequences were evaluated and empowered for acceptance if they were assuring.5.0 Development of IPMDuring the formation of FFS, an rating was done sing the acceptance of IPM activities. The restrictions identified we reSouth East Asia Approach IPM in S.E. Asia started to antagonize the indiscriminate usage of pesticides and pest revival in green revolution agribusiness ( Van de Fliert, 2006 ) . For the agrarian state of affairs in Zanzibar, husbandmans were barely utilizing any pesticides, and the farming systems was characterized by minor husbandmans wilt low dirt birthrate, plague and disease and socio-economic position. The IPM Program should see the facet of Crop production and betterment of harvest through different agriculture patterns. Therefore, the attack should be an integrated harvest direction ( ICM ) instead than IPM because of its holistic nature. The FFS attack of hebdomadal IPM preparation session was non really attractive for some harvests ( banana and manioc ) . It appeared that husbandmans of high-value harvests such as rice and veggies were more enthusiastic than banana and manioc husbandmans ( Van Huis and Meerman 1997 ) .Facilitation accomplishments At the beginning of IPM development in other developing states, hapless acceptance activities were observed due to miss of preparation in facilitation accomplishments in managing and developing IPM bundles ( Alteiri 2000 Morse and buhler, 1997 ) . In Zanzibar, most of the facilitators were research workers or harvest production specializers with few extensionist. There was a demand for preparation, facilitation, participatory and socio-economic issues to hold effectual attacks. Consequently, this will better the acquisition capacity of husbandmans and determination shapers ( Van de Fliert, 2006 ) .Most of the members of husbandmans group were semi-illiterate. The techniques introduced did non affect active engagement by husbandmans. To guarantee acceptance, husbandmans should take part and understand the aim of on-farm tests. How of all time, it may be necessary to tape transport out on-station tests as the thought should be obtained about the potency of a certain pattern before presenting it to the hus bandmans, peculiarly when the result is unsure ( Van Huis and Meerman, 1997 ) .Farmers vista and Committednesss The group consisted of 20 husbandmans at the initial phase, but 10 husbandmans remain after a twelvemonth. Follow-up was done by examining from their fellow husbandmans. The 10 husbandmans falloff out because their outlooks were non met, though breast was clearly explained prior. There were few influential husbandmans who influenced the attitude of other husbandmans. However the attitude of staying husbandmans was cohesive and really participatory during execution.6.0 AccomplishmentsWith this attack husbandmans were empowered by agro eco system analysis to be the determination shapers, by being advanced and create solutions in their Fieldss. The production was increased by pastime participatory engineering development ( PTD ) . Hence there will be possible to increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, therefore relieving poorness. The advancement have b een observed through different facets coaction is multi disciplinary, husbandmans were organized, committed and participatory. Furthermore, there is a considerable betterment of their cognition.A sum of 52 husbandmans group with 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 males and 489 females ) have been trained. A sum of 52 FFS were run, 26 in Unguja and 26 Pemba as planned. Crops covered were irrigated rice 14 FFS ( Unguja 8 and Pemba 6 ) , rainfed rice 8 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 4 ) , vegetables 6 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 2 ) , bananas 13 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 8 ) and cassava 11 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 6 ) . A considerable output addition for all the harvests has been achieved with IPM pattern compared to husbandmans pattern. For illustration, output addition for irrigated rice was from 2.2-4.4 tons/ha, rainfed rice 2.3-3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5-33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2-11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3-17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9-33.6 tons/ha ( see Table 1 ) . The consequences were promising ha d a good impact in footings of acceptance of engineerings involved by the IPM husbandmans every bit good as some of the adjacent husbandmans outside IPM plan.Table 1 FARMER FIELD SCHOOL STUDY PLOTS FOR MAJOR CROPS ( IPM and Farmersaaa? pattern )CropFarmersaaa? traffic pattern( tons/ hour angle )IPM Practice( tons/ hour angle )Addition in output( % )1. Irrigated rice2.24.4100 %2. Rainfed riceKatrinBKN aa SupaSupaSubang1.91.12.02.73.01.52.43.757.9 %36.4 %20 %37 %3.Vegetables Tomatos9.533.7254.7 % genus Amaranthus4.2( 8,333 Bunches )11.7( 23,333 Bunches )180 %4. Banana Mtwike11.317.655.8 % Mzuzu7.816.5111.5 % Mkono mmoja14.315.69.1 % Pukusa13.113.63.8 %5. Cassava Kibiriti mweusi18.531.369.2 %DecisionIPM is a focal point in research and extension attack, it has been good developed in the past decennaries. IPM was first off developed into conventional, top-down extension activities with its purpose of acceptance of inputs or recommendation. But, it had a low degree of success ( Bruin & A Meerman, 2001 ) . Traditionally, IPM was being practiced by resource-poor husbandmans before the term existed. The debut of pesticides displaced old incorporate pest control attacks ( Van de Fliert, 2003 ) . However, Zanzibar husbandmans do non utilize big sum of pesticides because they can non afford dear(predicate) pesticides, unless subsidized by the authorities. The recent developments of IPM seem extremely applicable to all facets of sustainable agribusiness. We need to concentrate what is accomplishable under the husbandman fortunes instead than what is technically perfect. IPM had a really successful history in footings of its acceptance by husbandmans from S.E. Asiatic states, with limited success of acceptance among African husbandmans ( Van Huis, 2009 ) . IPM is site and precondition specific The S.E. Asia theoretical account could non be an adoptable bundle in Zanzibar since the jobs were different, such as socio-economic state of affairs and the type of farming sy stem. The acceptance was on socio-economic and ecological parametric quantities associated with rules and development of IPM. The manner forward is to follow the engineering developed at community degree for long term footing. FFS is a good starting point for the development of sustainable agricultural systemRecognitionsMany thanks to Strengthening Plant Protection Division Project of Zanzibar for back uping and forward this plan, Commissioner of Agriculture Mr. M.R. Said for the encouragement and counsel. I am profoundly indebted to husbandmans, IPM group for their priceless aid and coaction for the work making this phase, non burying Omar for his great aid while fixing this paper.

Trifles Susan Glaspell Irony Symbolism Theme

Elizabeth NolanNovember 24, 2012 English essay Favorite Play Trifles, a play by Susan Gaspell, is a story of women banding together to protect one another in a male dominated society. The play is titled Trifles because womens concerns were oft considered mere trifles, and not worth the thought and time of men. The use of theme, symbolism, and irony argon the reasons why this play is so appealing, especially to women. Trifles contains themes of female identity, revenge, and protection.The protagonists of the play argon women, but they are not known by their first names. They are only called by their husbands name. It is only when they speak of Mrs. Wright before her mating that she is called Minnie. The men trust that the women are small-minded and assume the identities of their husbands. Minnie Wright was a vibrant, outgoing young lady. After her marriage to John Wright, the light in her dimmed until she was nothing but a shell of her former self.He took away her self worth, makin g her life with him unbearable. This is the reason she snapped and murdered her husband. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters discover evidence that the men could not. They approached the house as a home instead of a crime scene. The women identified with Mrs. Wright after piecing the story together and decided to keep the evidence that would convict her to themselves. By protecting her, they are standing up for women everywhere. Mrs.Wrights pet canary is a symbol of herself. She had once been a beautiful girl with a nice singing voice, but her marriage to John Wright was like a cage. She was secluded from others and treated poorly by him. The bird was her only source of happiness in her cold, lonely life. When john strangled the bird, he killed the last part of Mrs. Wright that was Minnie Foster. He had taken away her only comfort in life, and this is why she decided to strangle him with the rope.

The Article, The Land Ethic

firearm wading through the reserved reading in the library, I came across the name, The Land Ethic, which caught my eye, as well as sparked an interest deep within me. It revealed the idea that we, as homophiles, tend to be quite a caught up in the idea of community community between neighbors, co-workers, etc. seems to be something we strive for in our society. It seems that we have not integrated the footing into our idea of community, and I feel that this is a serious job that if not treated, depart continue to grow and strive until the land turns into the dead nothing many batch of todays society feel it to be.I had been put face to face with the fact that I was one of those cargonless and self-involved members of our race. Having never thought of the concept of land ethics, I complete that it is very likely that many other people have yet to know of it either. This is a establish conservation problem which worries me more than I have ever thought a simple article could be fitting to do to me. As the author of this revelation piece, Aldo Leopold (1966), stated in his article, that we need to interchange our human role from conqueror, to a member of the land community.This is vital for the future existence of an body politic that is habitable and non-toxic. Many people claim that they have ethics in their work place, or in general life practices. I have yet, however, had the pleasure of seeing many people proclaiming their ethics well-nigh the treatment of this planet. I have yet to see a serious and unwavering campaign to blockade placing ourselves so high up the evolutionary ladder that the fate of the world we live in, will ultimately crumble, as will our race and every other animal along with us.Michael Soule stated in his article, What is saving Biology(1985), that we cannot change the past, but we can modify the rate at which our land and species are creation destroyed. Although in recent years, we have seen more legal responses toward conservation issues, such as establishments of national parks, our attempts are not being fully developed due to the lack of education. Although there is some level of ken of the vandalism we are acting out onto our earth, there is less being said to members of our society on what they can do to reverse, change, or slow down the process of destruction.How can this be changed? This issue of necessity a bigger voice in todays media. It is seen as something that, if we forget, may go away. This is exactly causing the situation to worsen. The longer it takes for society to accept the land as part of their community, the longer the land will be destroyed, and the more difficult it will be to heal. As each generation passes, our engineering and research continues to grow, and find more problems facing our land things are not getting any wear as time moves on.A possible addition to the small amount of education currently being done in this country, is the teaching of basic conservation science classes in elementary school perchance if we start now, their generation will be brought up to mother the earth that has nurtured them. Other helpful additions imply the passing of new city ordinances which would make it mandatory that businesses recycle, and teaching farmers alternative ways to take solicitude of their crops, such as using bats instead of pesticides to keep insects off of their plants.Each culture responds other than to the problems our world is facing. Each generation is hopefully one step closer to saving this planet. We, as the human race, need to adopt the idea of cooperating with our land, rather than competing in a free for all game of avarice and ownership towards it (Leopold, 1966). More education, a louder and more permanent voice in the media, and more legal regulations will hopefully further our ability to right the wrongs that have been done to our earth. With time we may be able to save our planet and the animals which inhabit it, includin g ourselves.

Of Mice and Men Main Question Essay

The question we are focussing on through step forward the whole essay, which is the principal(prenominal) theme, is whether Curleys wife is a victim in the story or a tramp. The two several(p rosyicate) sides of Curleys wife are hard to determine in Steinbecks Mice and Men, as she tends to trade in roles from epoch to time. At points in the story we have reason to believe that that she is a victim, from the way she feels more or less Curley and her unattained future, which I will explore further on in the essay.I will also place across my points on how she burn down be a corrupting tramp by exploring her physical appearance, consistency language and other(a) characters opinions of her. From Steinbecks letter we can conform to that she couldnt really trust any atomic number 53 from a young age because every time she trusted in anyone she got harm. This shows her simple side. There are not many points in Steinbecks letter that show that she is a corrupting tramp as he tends to mainly focus on her innocent side and he goes through all the times she got hurt and why she got hurt. I will now go on to explain my points in further detail.In this section I will explain how Curleys wife could be an innocent victim in her life and in the eyes of others. She is the victim of the American Dream, her desire to go to Hollywood and be an actress, which was a dream that she could not fulfil because of her mother denying her to leave at such a young age. On summon 125 she proves that she really could have been an actress by the text stated She made a small grand gesture with her arm and hand to show that she could act. The fingers trailed after her leading wrist, and her little finger stuck out grandly from the rest. This small quote shows how talented she could have been and it pulls you feel heartbroken that she couldnt fulfil her dream. From then on she has been crestfallen and cannot trust anyone, this shows her innocent side.She was told by a man that he cou ld set her in the movies she was thrilled as she wanted to be a famous actress and be seductive analogous Jean Harlow and Marilyn Monroe but when her mother said she couldnt go she opted for an easier option to get out of where she was by marrying Curley. She says in the text on page 125 I wear downt like curley, he aint a nice fella which proves that she was forced to get married to him as it was the last option. Because Curley was the easiest and mayhap the last option, he didnt actually love her and just wanted to use her. She knew this and even though he treated her badly, she couldnt leave him as she did love him.Even if she didnt she had nowhere else to go so she was basically trapped in her own home. Her life with Curley is miserable which makes her even more cark about not being able to fulfil her dream and have freedom. In the story she confesses to Lennie the one thing that shes never confessed to anyone, that she doesnt actually like Curley and that she cant escape f or awe of what might happen. You can see from this that she just needs someone to talk to as she is so only(a) and cant really confide or talk to Curley about anything.The people on the scatter give her the same amount of respect that Curley does. When they call her or see her around the ranch they dont associate her with her own name, to them shes just Curleys wife and they call her Jailbait and Good looking for. You can tell she gets frustrated by having no one to talk to when she gets angry on page 123 and says Whats the matter with me? Aint I got a right to talk to nobody? Whatta they recollect I am anyways? In the story we dont even find out what her name is which shows how much attending she gets for her looks instead of her personality which is where she wants most attention. From this we can see that she just wants someone to talk to.On the other hand there are main features we can see in the text that describe her to wait like a corrupting tramp. Looking at the way S teinbeck describes her physical appearance we can see how at first impressions she would come across as sluttish. For a sustain, he describes her outfit. On page 53 when she first appears the first impression would definitely come across as tramp- like as he says She had full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. She wore a cotton dress and red mules. On the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. The dress and feather tog give us a glance of how she wants to accentuate her body and her legs and its almost like shes trying to prove that she could be a famous model and have pictures taken of her if shed have had the chance to.The colour of the dress and shoes are red which propose danger as we usually approach red as a threatening colour. So from the start we can she that she is going to be trouble for George and especially Lennie due to former circumstances with him and a girl. Her hair is described as ringlets like sa usages which is good use of foreshadowing as Lennie is described as an animal, and food is used as bait for animals therefore she literally is Jailbait. She wears lots of paper to accentuate her facial features this is another reason why she could be a corrupting tramp.The first time she walks into the ranch she leans against the door and leans forward to show off her body to Lennie and George, on page 53 Steinbeck states She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. With her accentuated make up and clothing she fails to receive a notice for her feelings and for her emotions and they only concentrate on the way she looks which tells George from the start that she is going to be trouble as she throws herself forward too much for attention. In the way she speaks you can hear the sexiness and huskiness of her voice, as described on page 53 when Steinbeck says Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality which shows us that she wants to entice people or entrance them.To conclude I call back it is important to include the death scene where Steinbeck describes her as being free and innocent after her death. He describes her in a child like form and finally being beautiful and achieving everything she needed to hand because she was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. This really finalises my decision for her being innocent because it shows that she really wasnt ever, or didnt ever mean to be, a corrupting tramp. Her excuse for wear slutty and provocative clothes could be because she wanted love and affection which she couldnt get from her own, broken alliance with Curley. She was just in the wrong place at the wrong time, and it wasnt her fault. My conclusion is that I think she is innocent because of previous points that I have made and stated.

Early Childhood Website Critique Essay

Earlychildhood. com is a web pose that provides an ample amount of teaching on providing the proper care and educating materialisation kids at a low cost. This site offers teachers, caregivers and parents ideas and concepts related to child training. Moreover, the early development stages are the or so crucial time for children because this is the point when they get a chance to explore the things that surround them. More so, the guardians of these children mustiness be responsible and knowledgeable enough to gear them towards the right direction.There is a comprehensive evidence of battle of date incorporated in this website which is comprised of tips on where to buy discounted school supplies, sources for childcare, forum near enhancing the learning surround and many others. Overall, this site is like a one-stop shop for those who want to know everything about child development from learning materials to scholarly resources to the opinions or words of wisdom from fellow tea chers, caregivers and parents. Among all the sections featured in the site, the push aside School Supply was the one that caught my attention.It contains a list of equipment and materials needed in educating children. Additionally, it is a 500 pages online catalogue of arts and crafts materials for early learners with a single focus which is to offer the highest quality products at the lowest likely cost supported by an extraordinary level of service. Also, a nonher aspect of this section that suggests high-quality products and services is the inclusion of e-commerce websites, a news magazine and thousands of arts and crafts materials, school supplies, educational toys and instructional materials wherein most of these were designed for earlychildhood.com (Earlychildhood. com, 2008). I believe that this part of the website cannister really help in giving teachers, caregivers and parents awareness on the commixture of learning products out in the market. More so, it provides fr ee delivery to all the products that volition be staged making it an inexpensive and yet practical way of acquiring resources which are usually expensively priced, to call forth the development and progress of children.Meanwhile, in terms of strengths and weaknesses of the site, there are features that have advanced the objective of website and there were also missing elements that would have made the look of the site more master and more interesting. For the strengths, the site had tackled the different aspects needed to properly and successfully teach adults about the significance child development for the eudaemonia of the children. Also, the websites or the sections embedded within Earlychildhood. com were well-structured and the contents were highly-informative and very helpful to the readers.Meanwhile, for the weakness of the site, the layout of the main page was not systematically arranged and some vital information was excluded such as the background information about t he site and the people behind it. In addition, it should have a site map in order for the readers or viewers to easily navigate the entire website. If these things are addressed by the website coordinator or designer, Earlychildhood. com can provide a trouble-free access to all those who want to see and obtain helpful information about proper childcare.Furthermore, this website can serve as a reliable source for a investigate that involves childcare and child development. It has all the necessary facts and information including current news, teaching modules, learning materials, scholarly articles and recommendations from professional or people working within the field. Through all of these, collection and dissemination of information will be uncomplicated which is very beneficial when doing research. References Earlychildhood. com. (2008). Discount School Supply. Retrieved October 3, 2008, from http//www. discountschoolsupply. com/Help/HelpFAQTopic. aspx? help_faq_id=25

7ps of Airline

LALA LAjpatrai College expression duct INDUSTRY SERVICE SECTOR MANAGEMENT INDEX Table of Content Pg.No Chapter 1 launching 3 Importance 4 Presence Scenario 5 Classification & Types 6 Advantages 8 Chapter 2 cuss Analysis The Indian respiratory tract Industry 10 Five product levels 15 Chapter 3 4 Ps 17 Chapter 4 Ex escapeed merchandising Mix 24 Chapter 5 naval division 29 Chapter 6 Role of Technology 31 Chapter 7 8 Quality Dimension 33 Chapter 8 Conclusion 35 Future 36 Reference 37 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION crinkleline Industry in India is adept of the promptest growing childs play power industries in the world. With the liberalization of the Indian zephyr sector, manner passage exertion in India has underg unmatchable a rapid transformation.From being primarily a disposal-owned application, the Indian skyway fabrication is now dominated by cliquishly owned full portion skyways and low speak to gondola carriers. Private sortlines account for around 75% sh ar of the municipal aviation market. Earlier air rifle was a privilege scarcely a a few(prenominal) could afford, l unitary(prenominal) when today air fail has start show up much cheaper and can be afforded by a coarse progeny of muckle. The origin of Indian complaisant aviation industriousness can be traced back to 1912, when the first off-year air flight between Karachi and Delhi was started by the Indian State product line Services in collaboration with the UK found Imperial occupationways. In 1932, JRD Tata founded Tata seamline, the first Indian airline. railway lineline g overnances can be crime syndicateified into a number of sections depending on the nature and score of proceedss they fork over. Major Indian carriers be pressing their feet on the accelerator to reach an acme of run level by the year 2010 when their fleet strength entrust meet 500 to 550. In the former dickens years much th an 135 aircrafts prevail been introduced to keep up with the increasing number of rider traffic in Indian aerospace. A number of municipal airline groups hand emerged in a reasonably short span of time to moderate the market furiously competitive. IMPORTANCE Growing tourism Due to exploitation in tourism, at that place has been an increase in number of the external and domestic passengers.The estimated growth of domestic passenger segment is at 50% per annum and growth for international passenger segment is 25%. line of barterlines play an all-important(a) role in international tourism. Developing airline wait ons encourages the nation to bullion on tourism as more than 85% of the foreign tourist arrives by air. Improving stem We all know that Indias air catch infrastructure is let on-of-date. In fact the overall situation is critical. A recent report by McKinsey suggests that half of Indias highly qualified graduates atomic number 18 located in cities without int ernational airports. Without massive change, infrastructure pull up stakes not be able to handle growth. We must move quick now. Benefit allthe government, the airport, shippers, passengers, local communities and airlines progeny in great efficiencylower costs Result in better service levels globalization Globalization has improved the lives of more in developing nations. Globalization in of its self is the trading of nigh(a)s and services of a local economy into an integrated global economy. technological parents sustain made this practice more feasible within the last 50 years. The major milest integritys were the training of the internet and increased deportation technology. These two onward motions made the world coined tight and set the stage for higher(prenominal) living standards. PRESENCE SCENARIORevolutionized by privatization along with active participation of the foreign investors, the Indian airline diligence has go through phenomenal transformation o ver the last couple of years. From being a service provide to the pauperisations of the privileged group entirely it is now well within the reach of middle class population. This has been the go of increased competition in the Indian aviation industry due to the presence of a wide variety of private and public airlines with their low price tags. It was upgrade fostered by the entry of ambience Deccan, the first bud contribute off airline in India, go unbelievable tariffs to the nodes. In the financial year 2006-07 there has been a significant 22. 3 percent growth in passenger traffic in the domestic airports while the aircraft movement recorded a growth by 14. 2 percent.In terms of the number of flights kelvin Airways secures the top position with 8,168 flights operating(a) till June 2007. Indian Airlines is in second position with 7,562 flights. Sahara (3,225 flights), Air Deccan (2,889 flights), Spice Jet (483 flights) and Kingfisher Airlines (367 flights) come thereaft er in the list of domestic and national carrier operators. miscellany & TYPES The Indian airline sector can be broadly divided into the quest foring principal(prenominal) categories 1. plan air transport service, which includes domestic and international airlines. 2. Non-schedule air transport service, which includes charter operators and air taxi operators. 3.Air cargo service, which includes air transportation of cargo and mail. Schedu direct air transport service It is an air transport service undertaken between two or more places and operated according to a published timetable. It includes 1. Domestic airlines, which provide scheduled flights within India and to take up international destinations. Air Deccan, Spice Jet, Kingfisher Airline and IndiGo atomic number 18 whatever of the domestic players in the industry. 2. International airlines, which operate scheduled international air services to and from India. Non-scheduled air transport service It is an air transport se rvice early(a) than the scheduled one and whitethorn be on charter basis and/or non-scheduled basis.The operator is not permitted to publish time schedule and issue tickets to passengers. Air cargo services It is an air transportation of cargo and mail. It may be on scheduled or non-scheduled basis. These operations are to destinations within India. For operation outside India, the operator has to take specific permission of directorate General of Civil Aviation demonstrating his capacity for conducting such an operation. At present, there are 2 scheduled private airlines (Jet Airways and Air Sahara), which provide regular domestic air services along with Indian Airlines. In addition there are 47 non-scheduled operators providing air-taxi/non-scheduled air transport services.Apart from this, the players in airline industry can be categorized in common chord groups open players Private players Start up players. at that place are three public players Air India, Indian Airline s and in alliance Air. The private players include Jet Airways, Air Sahara, Kingfisher Airlines, Spice Jet, Air Deccan and many more. The startup players are those planning to enter the markets. al c resortly of them are zed Air, Magic Air, Premier Star Air and MDLR Airlines ADVANTAGES 1. Foreign equity allowed Foreign equity up to 49 per cent and NRI (Non-Resident Indian) investment up to 100 per cent is permissible in domestic airlines without any government approval.However, the government policy bars foreign airlines from taking a stake in a domestic airline company. 2. Low entry barriers Nowadays, venture capital of $10 trillion or less(prenominal) is rich to launch an airline. Private airlines are known to hire foreign pilots, get expatriates or retired personnel from the Air Force or PSU airlines in senior circumspection positions. Further, they outsource such functions as ground handling, check-in, backlog, aircraft criminal maintenance, catering, training, receipts accounting, IT infrastructure, loyalty and programme management. Airlines are known to take on contract lockees such as cabin crew, ticketing and check-in agents. 3.Attraction of foreign shores Jet and Sahara have gone international by starting operations, first to SAARC countries, and then to South-East Asia, the UK, and the US. afterward five years of domestic operations, many domestic airlines too entrust be entitled to fly overseas by using unutilised bilateral entitlements to Indian carriers. 4. Rising income levels and demographic profile Though Indias GDP (per capita) at $3,100 is still actually low as compared to the developed rude standards, India is shining, at least in metro cities and urban centres, where IT and BPO industries have made the young generation prosperous. Demographically, India has the highest per centum of pile in age group of 20-50 among its 50 million robust middle class, with high earning potential. wholly this contributes for the boost in dome stic air travel, particularly from a low base of 18 million passengers. 5. Untapped potential of Indias tourism Currently India attracts 3. 2 million tourists e rattling year, while China gets 10 times the number. Tourist arrivals in India are judge to grow exponentially, especially due to the open dispose policy between India and the SAARC countries and the increase in bilateral entitlements with European countries, and US. 6. Glamor of the airlines No industry otherwise than film-making industry is as glamorous as the airlines. Airline tycoons from the last century, like J. R. D. Tata and Howard Hughes, and Sir Richard Branson and Dr. Vijaya Mallya today, have been idolized.Airlines have an anchor ring of glamour around them, and high net worth individuals can always toy with the idea of owning an airline. All the above factors seem to have resulted in a me too rush to launch domestic airlines in India. CHAPTER TWO PEST Analysis The Indian Airline Industry A PEST digest is a n abbreviation of the external macro- surroundings that affects all firms. P. E. S. T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms function and somewhattimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that pest is an appropriate term for these factors. Let us look at the PEST analysis of the Indian aviation sector Political FactorsIn India, one can never over-look the governmental factors which influence each and ein truth industry existing in the country. kindred it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with discover to the airline industry The airline industry is very susceptible to changes in the political environment as it has a great bearing on the travel habits of its clients. An unstable political environment causes uncertainty in the intellects of the air traveller s, regarding travelling to a particular country. Overall Indias recent political environment has been largely unstable due to international yetts & detaind tension with Pakistan.The Gujarat riots & the governments unfitness to control the situation have in any case led to an increase in the instability of the political arena. The approximately significant political event however has been September 11. The events occurring on September had special significance for the airline industry since aeroplanes were involved. The immediate results were a huge overleap in air traffic due to sentry duty & certificate concerns of the people. International airlines are greatly affected by pot relations that their country has with others. Unless governments of the two countries trade with each other, there could be restrictions of flying into particular area leading to a sacking of potential air traffic (e. g. Pakistan & India)Another aspect is that in countries with high corruption levels like India, bribes have to be paid for every permit & license required. Therefore constant liasoning with the minister & other government formalised is necessary. The body politic owned airlines suffer the maximum from this problem. These airlines have to make several special considerations with respect to selection of routes, free seat to ministers, and so onwhich a privately owned airline need not do. The state owned airlines withal suffers from archaic laws applying only to them such as the retirement age of the pursers & hostesses, the labour regulations which make the management less flexible in taking decision due to the presence of a strong union, & the heavy control of the government.This affects the quality of the service delivery & therefore these airlines have to think of innovative service merchandise ideas to circumvent their problems & compete with the private operators. Economic Factors Business cycles have a wide reach impact on the airline industry. During r ecession, airline is considered a luxury & therefore spending on air travel is cut which leads to reduce prices. During prosperity phase people indulge themselves in travel & prices increase. After the September 11 incidents, the world economy plunged into global recession due to the depressed sentiment of consumers. In India, even a company like Citibank was forced to cut costs to increase profits for which even the top level managers were given first class railway tickets instead of plane tickets.The loss of income for airlines led to higher operational costs not only due to low demand but also due to higher insurance costs, which increased after the WTC bombing. This prompted the industry to lay off employees, which further fuelled the recession as spending decreased due to the cosmetic surgery in unemployment. stock-still the SARS irruption in the Far East was a major cause for slump in the airline industry. Even the Indian carriers like Air India was deeply affected as many flights were cancelled due to inbred (employee relations) as well as external problems, which has been discussed later. Social Factors The changing travel habits of people have very wide implications for the airline industry. In a country like India, there are people from varied income groups.The airlines have to recognize these individuals and should serve them accordingly. Air India needfully to focus on their clientele which are generally low income clients & their habits in order to keep them satisfied. The destination, kind of food etc.all has to be chosen cautiously in accordance with the tastes of their major clientele. Especially, since India is a land of extremes there are people from various religions and castes and every individual travelling by the airline would expect customization to the greatest possible extent. For e. g. A Jain would be satisfied with the service only if he is served jain food and it should be kept in wit that the customers next to him are also Jain or at least vegetarian.Another sizeable cause would be the case of South West Airlines which occupies a solid position in the minds of the US air travelers as a reliable and convenient, fun, low fare, and no frills airline. The major element of its success was the increase selling mix which it utilise very effectively. What South West did was it made the environment inside the plane very consumer friendly. The crew neither has any uniform nor does it serve any lavish foods, which indirectly reduces the costs and makes the consumers retrieve puff of airable. Technological Factors The increasing use of the Internet has provided many opportunities to airlines. For e. g. Air Sahara has introduced a service, by the internet wherein the lazy seats are auctioned one week prior to the departure.Air India also provides many internet based services to its customer such as online ticket mesh, updated flight selective information & handling of customer complaints. USTDA (US tr ade & development association) is funding a feasibility study and workshops for the airports Authority of India as part of a semipermanent effort to promote Indian aviation infrastructure. The Authority is developing modern talk, navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management systems for Indias aviation sector that will help the country meet the expected growth and demand for air passenger and cargo service over the next decade. A proposal for restructuring the existing airports at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata through long-term lease to make them world class is under consideration.This will help in attracting investments in improving the infrastructure and services at these airports. Setting up of naked international airports at Bangalore, Hydera braggy and Goa with private sector participation is also envisaged. A good example of the impact of technology would be that of AAI, wherein with the help of technology it has converted its obsolete and unused hangars into pr ofit centers. AAI is now leasing these hangars to international airlines and is earning huge profits out of it. AAI has also tried to utilize space that was previously wasted installing a lamination machine to laminate the luggage of travelers. This activity earns AAI a lot of revenue.These technological changes in the environment have an impact on Air India as well. Better airport infrastructure, means better handling of airplanes, which can help reduce maintenance cost. It also facilitates more flights to such destinations. FIVE PRODUCT LEVELS The Core Service The core service of the airlines industry is to transport goods and services to various destinations. As the needs of the people increased the entire system became more organized and formal. After this stage comes the various supplementary services. The Supplementary Services The airline industry has many players they had a brand name like Air India, Jet Airways, British Airways.All of them had some ordinary services to of fer like connecting flights, through check-in, tele check in, food on board, and complementary gifts etc. diametric classes like economy class, craft class were introduced. Air concessions are given to school students, old people etc. Singapore airlines were the first to introduce small 8 television screen for every passenger. The freebies are actually win-win deals between airlines and other services. Sahara, for example, offers its passengers a business-plan on two-way economy class ticket, which includes a shadows stay with breakfast, STD facility for 3 minutes and boardroom facility at the Park Hotel, stark naked Delhi.To Delhi based fliers to Mumbai, it offers a nights stay with breakfast, airport transfers and VIP amenities at The Orchid, Mumbai. For business class, the plan includes a stay at The Leela, with buffet breakfast and late checkout. All these added service helps the customer to decide upon which airlines he wants to travel. As competition increased and the cust omers wanted more the next phase evolved and that is the augmented service. The Augmented Service This phase is where the customers expectations are met the service providers kept working on new methods to meet the ever-changing customers demands. The players introduced online booking, which was very convenient for the service users. British Airways business class has showers its more spacious and comfortable.Sahara airlines offer its passengers six contrasting types of cuisine like vegetarian, fat free, diabetic etc. They also have auction going on board. Virgin airlines have gambling on board, they also have body massage to offer to their passengers. Air Emirates has something called cab service, they have customized pick up and drop cab service. This phase is the more or less crucial one with increased competition service will mystify the net incompatibleiation. Future Service As mentioned above the customer needs keep changing, the future is unknown. The customers may be lo oking in for more frequent inexpensive air travel, something like air taxis, ultrasonic speed. This decreases the time thus reducing the cost.CHAPTER THREE 4 Ps Product The airline industry is a service that satisfies customer needs for travelling. In the airline industry the customers can be divided into two segments, business and leisure. While the airline industry started out as a luxury item, business travel has changed this industry to a necessity. As we further capture a global economy and communication between international companies intensifies, travel needs continue to increase. The leisure traveller has always had the need for the airline industry. Satisfying the customer needs today involves competitive rates, convenient booking of flights and benefits with those flights. most of the problems with this industry are personally experienced by the customers. The airlines have a difficult time being punctual and this has become the norm in the industry, although some compani es try to avoid it. The industry is highly susceptible to situations that result in declines in air travel, such as political instability, regional hostilities, recession, fuel price escalation, inflation, adverse support conditions, consumer preferences, labour instability or regulatory oversight. Airlines are now in the commodity business as the public demands low-priced transportation. It has moved from elite to a common form of transportation.Todays travellers know how to surf the clear for bargains through a myriad of sites such as Orbitz, Expedia, Travelocity, Hotwire, and Cheaptickets. As a commodity, airlines cannot increase prices to increase profits, so their only choice is to cut operating costs such as labour costs. Amid the competition, airlines have refocused their help on the customers. The industry still heavily targets frequent flyers, as members can earn miles through travelling, car rentals, hotels, and credit card use. On overseas flights, business class seats convert to real flat beds. Soon passengers will have internet access during flights. Airlines are also catering to the consumer by offering mostly organic menus, while others are offering repasts-to-go in front boarding.For travellers pressed for time, many airlines offer fast check-in, online at home before leaving for the airport or self-service check-in kiosks where passengers identify themselves with a credit card, print their own boarding pass, change their seat, and purchase meal coupons. Price The following are the pricing strategies Premium Pricing The airlines may set prices above the market price either to rebound the image of quality or the unique status of the product. The product features are not shared by its antagonists or the company itself may enjoy a strong reputation that the brand image alone is able to merit a premium price. Value for Money PricingThe intention here is to charge the just price for the product and emphasize that it represents excellent valu e for money at this price. This enables the airline to achieve good levels of profit on the basis of established reputation. Cheap Value Pricing The objective here is to undercut the competition and price is used to trigger the purchase immediately. Unit profits are low, but overall profits are achieved. Air India and Indian Airlines have slashed their prices to meet the competition of private airlines so that they can consolidate their position in the market. Airlines usually practice differential pricing. There are three classes The First Class, The Executive or Business Class and The Economy Class.Fares for each class are different since the facilities provided and the comfort and luxury level is different in each class. Seasonal fares are also fixed, fares rise during the peak holiday times. Low-cost Pricing With the advent of the low-cost airlines in the Indian aviation industry, a different low-cost flying concept has come up. Since these low-cost airlines are trying to woo t he customers by providing air travel in exceptionally low prices, a price-band kind of pricing has to be designed. In low-pricing strategies, the airlines provide very low prices for the flight tickets. Also, they prices are made cheaper by booking the tickets long before the flight date. APEX FaresIn this scheme, people are given very cheap rates only if tickets are booked at least before the specified time period. But the draw-back here is that if the booking is cancelled, a substantial amount of money is not returned. Promotion Integrated Marketing Communication A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a service can be communicated clearly to the target market. An organisations promotional mix can consist of ? Advertising ? Public Relations ? Sales Promotion ? Personal Selling ? Direct Mail ? Internet / E-commerce In airline industry all the above methods are use for promotion purpose. The aims of promotion fall into three main categories to inform , to remind, & to persuade.It will always be necessary to inform prospective consumers or so new products & services, but other issue may also need this type of communication to consumers new uses, price changes, information to create consumer confidence & to reduce fears, full description of service offering, image building. Similarly consumers may need to get reminded or so all these types of issues, especially in the off-peak season. It is vitally important to recognize that promotion, or marketing communications generally, may not always be aimed at potential consumer or end user of service. In many business areas, it is to design promotions aimed at channel customers to complement end user promotion. For e. g. Airlines will need to promote their services to tour operators as well as end user. Distribution (Also known as the place variable in the marketing mix, or the 4 Ps) In Airlines, they utilise more than one method of distribution. For e. g. hey sell tickets through trav el agents & sell seats on flights to tour operators, whilst also operating direct marketing. Whichever distribution strategy is selected, channel management plays a key role. For channels to be effective they need reliable updated information. For these reason, I. T has been widely adopted such as on-line booking system. canal structures vary somewhat by the nature of the service ? Internet booking system ? Telephone reservation system. CHAPTER FOUR Extended Marketing Mix Marketers suggest that the unique requirements of selling services require the organization attend to three redundant Ps. These are people, animal(prenominal) evidence and process. PeopleThe people section of the Marketing Mix is the most important section of the extended Marketing Mix. It is broken up into three sections Employees, Consumers and the Company. Do we have enough employees to provide a good service? Do they have the necessary personal and professional skills? , Do they understand the brand-values? , Are they enough motivated or too tired? Those are questions that airlines companies have to ask themselves, and which answers are going to have important consequences in the type of service provided. The analysis of the buyer behaviour is really interesting in this sector. Every individual have different needs and expectations in this market, so segmentation and positioning will be also fundamental.Furthermore, its normally an industry where, the user follows all the steps of the buyer behaviour in the selection and purchase of the service. Special wideness have the Information Search by the customer (which is normally more complete than in other purchases) and beliefs and attitudes, which are the most important challenges of this analysis because normally have an important weight in the final decision of the customer. In a market as competitive as this one, a personal bad experience or just a non favourable belief or attitude can correct the users choice forever. Thats why the Brand Image is also fundamental for this kind of Companies. For e. g.A Jain would be satisfied with the service only if he is served Jain food and it should be kept in mind that the customers next to him are also Jain or at least vegetarian. Therefore, management faces a unspeakable challenge in selecting and training all of these people to do their jobs well, and, perhaps even more important, in motivating them to care about doing their jobs well, and to make an extra effort to serve their customers. After all, these employees must retrieve in what they are doing and enjoy their work before they can, in turn, provide good service to customers. The people component of the service marketing mix also includes the management of the firms customer mix.Because services are a good deal experienced at the providers facilities, other customers who are being served there can also influence ones satisfaction with a service. For e. g. crying children in a nearby seat on an airplane or ill mannered customer are all examples of unpleasant service conditions caused by a firms other patrons. Physical Evidence The service is in tactile because unlike a product it cant be experienced before it is delivered. It is the ability and environment in which a service is delivered. Because it is intangible customers are at greater risk when deciding whether to use a service, so to reduce this risk, and improve success, potential customer are offered the chance to see what the service would be like with the use of testimonials, demonstrations etc.Physical layout is not only relevant to its promotional materials, but also to the layout and structure of the organization, and websites. customers have far higher expectations and therefore they select the particular service which they know will satisfy their want. Promotional materials and written correspondence provide tangible reassurance they can be incorporated into the firms marketing communications to help reduce customer anxiety about committing to the purchase. Service firms should design these items with extreme care, since they will play a major role in influencing a customers impression of the firm. In particular, all physical evidence must be designed to be self-consistent with the personality that the firm wishes to project in the marketplace.They can offer to the consumer more than a fly additional services, and so they focus their promotional efforts in communicating that to the potential user. Process The customer service discussion section of any airline company deal with a number of processes involved in making marketing effective in an organisation e. g. processes for handling customer complaints, processes for identifying customer needs and requirements, processes for handling requirement etc. Example of Jet (Entire Process) Purchasing process According to epinions. com, travelers overall purchasing experiences with Jet have been very positive. People like how uncomplicated it is to choose f rom the different one-way fares online to make up a round-trip reservation.Some travelers prefer to use Jettelephone reservation agents for purchasing their tickets. Overall, these reservation agents have been described as very obliging and helpful. Destination Choices We found many negative reviews on epinions. com when it came to Jet destination offerings. Several people complained that Jet doesnt offer service (either non-stop or connecting) to enough destinations. Some complained about Jet operating out of smaller, less convenient airports (like Poona and Nasik). People also complained that Jet only offers limited flights per day to some destinations, making travel less convenient for some. Overall Customer ServiceBased on our findings at epinions. com, Jet customer service is very highly regarded. Although some people have had unpleasant experiences, almost everyone who gave an opinion raved about the service from Jet flight attendants, gate agents, ticketing/reservation agent s, and even the pilots. The 7 Ps price, product, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence comprise the modern marketing mix that is particularly relevant in service industry, but is also relevant to any form of business where meeting the needs of customers is given priority. CHAPTER FIVE part Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist.In the airline industry, for example, some consumers look for only price, while others are much more concerned about other features and services provided. In general, it holds on-key that You cant be all things to all people, and experience has demonstrated that firms that specialize in meeting the needs of one group of consumers over another tend to be more profitable. Generically, there are three onward motiones to marketing In the undifferentiated strategy, all consumers are treated as the same, with firms not making any specific efforts to satisfy particular groups. This may work when the product is a standard one where one competitor really cant offer much that another one cant. Usually, this is the case only for commodities.In the concentrated strategy, one firm chooses to focus on one of several segments that exist while leaving other segments to competitors. For example, Deccan Airlines focuses on price sensitive consumers who will forego meals and assigned seating for low prices. In contrast, most airlines follow the differentiated strategy They offer high priced tickets to those who are inflexible in that they cannot tell in advance when they need to fly and find it impractical to stay over a Saturday. These travellers usually business travellers make high fares but can only fill the planes up partially. The same airlines then sell some of the remaining seats to more price sensitive customers who can buy two weeks in advance and stay over. Note that segmentation calls for some tough choices.There may be a large number of variables that can be used to different iate consumers of a given product category yet, in practice, it becomes impossibly cumbersome to work with more than a few at a time. Thus, we need to plant which variables will be most useful in distinguishing different groups of consumers. We might thus decide, for example, that the variables that are most relevant in separating different kinds of airlines consumers are (1) Preference for price, (2) Preference for combination of price and other features, (3) Consumers not worried at all about price Looking for privacy or luxury (4) Willingness to pay for brand names We now put these variables together to arrive at various combinations. Several different kinds of variables can be used for segmentation.Demographic variables essentially refer to personal statistics such as income, gender, education, muddle (rural vs. urban, East vs. West), ethnicity, and family size. Jet Airways for instance, has found that people from western region (India) on the average prefer vegetarian meal wh ereas people from east prefer non-vegetarian meal. Taking this a step farther, it is also possible to segment on lifestyle and values. Some consumers want to be seen as similar to others, while a different segment wants to stand apart from the crowd. Another basis for segmentation is behaviour. Some consumers are brand loyal i. e. , they tend to stick with their preferred brands even when a competing one is on sale. CHAPTER SIX ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY utmost(prenominal) competition in Indian Aviation Industry has made the role of technology very important for domestic airline companies. Technology can help in making travel comfortable, allow easy access to tickets and reduce time to check-in. A considerable amount of money is also saved by automation. Following points highlight the increasing use of Technology by different Airlines Vijay Mallya-promoted Kingfisher Airlines is planning to install a landscape camera at the bottom of the aircraft that will enable passengers get a view of th e take-off and set down of their airplane when flying on domestic routes. They are also going to allow GSM phones to be used on board for the first time.They are already providing live TV as part of our high-end In-Flight fun (IFE) initiatives. Kingfisher Airlines has announced the launch of two world-class technological intromissions to enhance node convenience. The first cutting-edge innovation is the introduction of the Roving Agent at the airport. Now guests with hand baggage need not have to wait at the check-in counter to collect their boarding pass, instead they can directly approach the Kingfisher Airlines Roving Agents deployed outside the security check-in area who will book them on their choice of seats. Also launched is the facility of Web Check-in. Now Kingfisher Airlines guests can sit in the comfort of their homes or offices and print their boarding passes.All a guest has to do is log on to the official website of Kingfisher Airlines, www. flykingfisher. com, and click on the link web check-in. Fill-in your reservation details and the screen will vaunt the choice of seats available onboard that particular flight. Once booked, the guest can conveniently print out the boarding pass and carry it along with him/her on the day of the flight and proceed straight to the security check counter at the airport. The Airbus A380, the worlds largest and most advanced passenger airplane, which is widely regarded as the future of aviation, marks a momentous milestone in the history of civil aviation in India.Kingfisher Airlines, Indias fastest-growing airline, has engaged saber Airline Solutions, the global leader of software and services for the airline industry from planning to execution, to provide a full suite of more than 20 enterprise applications to enhance its guest processing functions, as the airline continues its rapid expansion of its operations. Kingfisher Airlines is also leveraging other technology from Sabre Airline Solutions to help ana lyze the market and determine the lift out approaches to maximize revenue. Kingfisher Airlines Ltd and Dish TV have joined hands to provide live in-flight entertainment on Kingfisher aircraft. The in-flight entertainment system is one of the best in the world. The increasing use of the Internet has provided many opportunities to airlines. For e. g.Kingfisher has introduced a service through the internet, wherein the unoccupied seats are auctioned one week prior to the departure. Public sector airline Air-India is exploring the possibility of launching an information technology (IT) subsidiary to handle its automation activities. Jet Airways has launched an Interactive Voice Response (IVR)-based payment and ticketing services. The service will allow passengers to complete their reservation with credit cards through a secure doorway and instantly receive their e-tickets via email. Low-cost carriers such as Air Deccan, SpiceJet, GoAir and IndiGo are currently allowing a web-check apa rt from online booking. CHAPTER SEVEN QUALITY DIMENSION IN CONTEXT WITH AIRLINE INDUSTRY Reliability is most important to customers.Reliability is performing promised service dependably and accurately. If you dont deliver on your promise you can lose customers and your credibility will be damaged. It takes a long time for a company to build up a reputation for reliability, and only a short time to be branded as undependable. Security in airline industry is a very important issue. Terrorist threats and narcotics are the main threats in Indian airports. The airlines and the security screening people they contract with have a simple choice employ more supply so as to process their passengers more efficiently, or lay off staff and cause their passengers to spend more time waiting to check in than they actually spend on the flight itself.Tangible Tangibles refers to physical facilities and facilitating goods. Examples of tangibles would be distinctive materials such as brochures and the cleanliness of the facilities. Tangible is what makes you different than competitors. Customer can see for themselves and then decide whether to go for the service or not. Responsiveness Responsiveness is the willingness to help customers right away. Avoid having customers waiting for no apparent reason. Responsiveness is very important because if you provide customers with what they need in a timely fashion they will be satisfied. Nobody likes to wait. Replying to a customer request promptly is a good example of responsiveness.If customers see that the company is willing to help, this will cause loyalty and it will let them know that you are concerned about them. Assurance is the ability to convey trust and confidence. organism polite and showing respect for customers will create trust. Also having professional and knowledgeable staff will create trust and confidence in customers. People enjoy meeting pleasant, knowledgeable people. By being pleasant and knowledgeable to ever yone a business will present the kind of business image that draws new business. Empathy is the ability to be approachable. Empathy involves treating customers as individuals. When a customer has a problem they should not be hunted to ask questions. A company should adapt to the specials needs of a customer.Listening to customers concerns and proving them with a positive resultant role is how you show empathy. CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION Airline industry in India is plagued with several problems. These include high aviation turbine fuel (ATF) prices, rising labour costs and shortage of skilled labour, rapid fleet expansion, and intense price competition among the players. But one of the major challenges facing Indian aviation industry is infrastructure constraint. Airport infrastructure needs to be upgraded rapidly if Indian aviation industry has to continue its success story. Some steps have been taken in this direction. Two of Indias largest airports-Mumbai and New Delhi-were priva tized recently.Two Greenfield airports are coming up at Bangalore and Hyderabad in southern India. Investments are pouring into almost all aspects of the industry, including aircraft maintenance, pilot training and air cargo services. The future prospects of Indian aviation sector look bright. The Indian aviation industry has witnessed unique growth in recent years, with key drivers being positive economic factors, including high GDP growth, good industrial performance, and corporate profitability and expansion. Other factors include higher disposable incomes, growth in consumer spending, and approachability of low fares. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF INDIAN AIRLINE SECTOR consolidation in the aviation industry Consolidation will ease competition and give pricing power to the dominant players and as a result of higher fares even smaller players like SpiceJet stand to benefit. The air fares for SpiceJet are expected to increase by 7. 4% and 3. 6% during FY08E and FY09E respectively. Due to b ooming economy, it is believed that the growth in the aviation industry will continue in the scenario of increased airfares. Generally it is believed that the aviation sector in any country grows at twice the growth rate of its GDP. In India, the GDP is growing at more than 7-8% per annum, which makes the growth rate in the aviation sector to be in excess of 15%. Aviation industry in India is expected to grow at a much better rate than this because the industry is at a parturient stage with lower base and low penetration. wet passenger growth to boost top-line and profit Strong passenger growth would lead to 86% CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) growth in revenues for the next two years. Increased passenger volume would also help in spreading fixed cost over larger passenger base there by bringing down per unit cost. Domestic Passengers In the last three years, the number of passengers travelling by air has more than doubled with industry carrying 34mn passenger during FY07. On b ack of conversion of upper class rail passengers to air travel and the surging tourism industry we expect the number of people travelling by air to increase at a CAGR of 25% to 67mn by FY10E. We expect the revenue passengers for SpiceJet to increase from 2. 8mn in FY07 (12 months) to 6. mn in FY09E, a CAGR of 58%. The expected growth in revenue passenger is on account of aggressive increase in fleet size from 11 aircrafts in FY07 to 23 aircrafts by FY09E. REFRENCE Books and Journals Adrian Palmer (2001), Principles of Services Marketing, third edition, McGraw Hill, London. Kotler (1998) Marketing focus Ninth Edition The Economist, 4th January 2002 A new way to fly Websites Referred www. 4ds. com www. epinions. com www. business. headlinesindia. com www. oppapers. com www. icmrindia. org www. airindia. com www. flyairdeccan. net www. spicejet. com (www. spicejet. com/pdf/BSE_Q2FY08) www. jetairways. com www. flykingfisher. com