Types of love Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Types of love - Research Paper Example ?strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties or an attraction based on sexual desire or an affection based on admiration†(Love). Based on the above definition, different types of love existing in this world which are described in this paper. According to Pausanias, a person who attended Plato’s symposium â€Å"one type of love is "common", based on sensuality, works at random, and produces children, the other love is "heavenly", based on companionship, involves mental and soul oriented pursuits, and produces virtue (Galloway). In other words love has spiritual and material meanings. The love between God and his believers is an example of spiritual love. Moreover the love based on blood relations can also be considered as spiritual love. A male and female in love affairs is another example of spiritual or divine love. Spiritual love is always unconditional since it occurs between the spirits. For example, a mother will never put any conditions for loving her children. In fact her children were the part of his body and spirit and therefore she cannot set any conditions for her love towards her children. Same way, God also loves his believers unconditionally since the soul or the spirit residing in everyone is obta ined from the God. Passionate love is a form of spiritual love. It has three components: Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral (Types of Love). True love between the a husband and wife is an example for passionate love. Such loves can be labeled as romantic love. In romantic love, sex is often a factor. Even though sex is a factor in their love affair, it may not matter if they love deeply. Because of their passionate love, often the loss of one may affect the other because of the strong emotional bondage between the two. However, male –female relationships need not be romantic in nature always. For example, the love between a prostitute and her customer cannot be labeled as a passionate love. It is definitely a material love

Critical Evaluation of International Essay Example for Free

Critical Evaluation of International Essay A review of literature on international HRM reveals three different approaches (Dowling et al. , 1999, p. 2): Comparative, Cross-cultural and multi-national. Firstly, according to Adler (1997), the early approaches to researching international HRM focused on cross-cultural differences and examination of human behaviour from an international perspective. Certainly, research on cross-cultural organizational behaviour has become a conduit for the understanding of the dynamics of multicultural domestic and international workplaces within the advent of globalisation. There are different levels of analysis within cross-national HRM, national factors, contingent factors and organisational level. Cross-national HRM researchers claim that it is at the levels of national factors and contigent variables that they can make useful contributions through the examination of the impacts of such determinants of HRM policies and practices (Boxall, 1995; Brewster et al, 1996). However, other researchers (Budhwar and Sparrow, 1997; Jackson and Schuler, 1995) argue that national factors and contingent variables are not enough in themselves to provide an understanding of the context-specific nature of HRM practices. It is important therefore, to consider analysis of the impact of organisational-level strategies (Budhwar and Sparrow, 1997). Secondly, the comparative approach focuses on similarities and differences in HRM practices within an international context. Undeniably, Budhwar Sparrow (2002) note that the increase in globalisation of business transactions, the emergence of new markets such as the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as well as hyper competition among organisations at equally the domestic and international level have been associated with an increased significance and need for comparative human resource management (HRM) studies. As a result, there has been a growing number of studies addressing the configuration of HRM in different national contexts (Budhwar Sparrow, 2002). According to Rechie, Lee and Quintanilla (2009) one of the most significant role of comparative HRM research is to provide managers, principally those working in multinational firms, with specific guidelines concerning how to design and implement an effective HRM system taking into consideration cultural differences especially when their business operation enters into different cultural contexts for example western multinationals seeking to do business in China. This notion of being responsive to the context and standardisation of HRM policies and practices has generated controversial but nonetheless critical topics of discussion in comparative HRM, such as the debate on localization versus standardization, and the process of transferring HRM policies and practices across nations (Rechie et al, 2009). The thirdly, multinational approach, tends to focus on HRM practices in multinational organisations. The HRM extant literature reveals that there are two distinct schools of thought as regards approaches to managing people within MNCs: (i) convergence and (ii) divergence. According to Brewster et al. , (2007), the convergence approach is said to be one of the most dominant strands in international management research. On the one hand, the convergence approach has three main assumptions: firstly, the ultimate aim in all organisations is to improve performance through high-performance work systems (Brewster, 2001). Secondly, the universal aim of performance improvement can be achieved by using sound and effective management philosophies that hold true despite of differences among national environments (Girgin, 2005). Thirdly, proponents of the convergence approach argue that if local practices are different from these principles, they are expected to be replaced with ‘the one best way’, converging mainly on the American model as the leading industrial economy (Dowling et al. , 1999). According to Girgin (2005) the concept of convergence towards the one best way practice has been encouraged and/or supported by the forces of globalisation, which has led to the opening of world markets, deregulation, regional integration and improvements in communication technologies. Although HRM as a field of practice was developed in America, the principles and practices designed for America may not hold for other parts of the world. Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), say that, the main suggestion of the globalisation argument is that nationality factors in the operation of national systems and of companies are no longer influential or important as international companies become ‘trans-national’ which converge to a new ‘best model’. Yes, the IHRM literature shows that because multinational corporations are embedded in their home institutional environments, they may attempt to transfer ‘home’ practices to their foreign operations in different cultural environments (Edwards et al. , 1999). However, the study of HRM practices in Europe (see Brewster et al 2007) suggest that national differences are significant in the determination of HRM practices. On the other hand, the divergence approach or contextual paradigm searches for contextually unique practices and approaches to management, it does not search for evidence of similarities (Brewster, 2001). Within the IHRM literature, the focal point of the divergence standpoint is the dissimilarity of policies and applications across different national and regional contexts and tries to understand the particularities of the context with a view to interpret why and how such differences have emerged in these settings (Brewster, 2005). Within the divergence school of thought, there are two distinct approaches to managing human resources in multinational organisations: (i) the culturalist and (ii) the institutionalist perspectives. Based mainly on Hofstede’s (1980) value-based behavioural dimensions and concepts of national culture which have made an attempt to explain the influence of culture upon Multinationals’ behaviour, the culturalist approach has found widespread acceptance in the IHRM literature. Hofstede (1980) came to a conclusion that culture was the main determinant of the variations in work-related values, attitudes and behaviours among employees and managers within the same organisation, and of the same profession, age, or gender. Hofstede found that there were four dimensions that explained the differences in work-related values and behaviours: (i) Individualism and collectivism, (ii) Uncertainty avoidance, (iii) Power distance and (iv) Masculinity and femininity According to Girgin (2005), the culturalist approach endeavours to build an understanding of differences in work organisations, managerial behaviour and human resource practices based on attributes of national cultural distinctiveness in terms of values, ideas and beliefs shared by people in a given society. Under the divergence school of thought, the institutionalist perspective is the second. The main argument of the institutionalist perspective is that national institutional contexts (for example, government systems, training and development systems) play a major role in determining structures and strategies of organisations (Girgin, 2005). According to Girgin (2005), those who support the Institutionalist perspective stress the pressures on companies to acquire and maintain legitimacy in relation to the environment and the way that interlocking practices can bring benefits in particular systemic contexts. This perspective presents itself as a more comprehensive framework for the comparative study of different national systems (Girgin, 2005). For example, despite the knowledge of the influence of culture on organisational behaviour, HR practitioners cannot simply measure cultural values across their operations and predict behaviour, due cognisance must be given to various institutional contexts. As noted by Dewettinck and Remue (2011) certain practices are shared across or within particular contexts; some are distinctive of certain countries; some are unique to certain sectors or sections of an organization or even individuals. Without doubt, while each of the above approaches sharpens the focus on some aspects of HRM, it is possible that solely focusing on one aspect may unavoidably, hinder capturing the positive aspects from other perspectives(Mayrhofer and Brewster, 2005). Indeed what appears to be more significant in researching international HRM is the context. According to Dewettinck and Remue (2011) the notion of context and/or focus on contextual factors has been reflected in the cross-cultural embedment of many international HRM studies (Brewster, Mayrhoferand Morley, 2004), in addition, the Globe project which was focused on leadership also reveals that context is important (House and Javidan, 2004). For example, a recent study by Hartmann et al. (2010) of western multinationals operating in China shows that these organisations implement relatively unchanged HRM practices from their home country in their Chinese subsidiaries. The study of Hartmann et al. , reveals that consideration of contextual factors is important in the understanding of HRM practices and the management of people in an international context. As a matter of fact, results of Hartmann et al. ’s study indicate that, although the Chinese subsidiaries of Western multinationals were able to implement unchanged HRM practices such as talent management from their headquarters, the practices were not successfully internalised. This demonstrates the significance of national cultures and being responsive to local needs in implementing HRM practices. The example above actually shows that context is an important aspect in researching international HRM regardless of the approach taken. In conclusion, there is indeed something to be learnt from each of the perspectives. Each of the perspectives do make considerable contribution to the understanding of international HRM.

Determination of crude fiber

Determination of crude fiber Dietary fiber can be defined as sum of polysaccharides and lignin that are not digested by human digestive enzymes. The major components of dietary fiber are cellulose, noncellulose such as hemicelluloses and pectin, lignin, and hydrocolloids (gums, mucilages, and algal polysaccharides). Human foodstuffs contain mainly noncellulose polysaccharides, some cellulose and little lignin. The average proportions of noncelluloe polysaccharides. Cellulose and lignin for common foodstuff are about 70%, 20% and 10% respectively(Laura and other 2003). The crude fiber method was developed in the 1850s to estimate indigestible carbohydrate in animal feeds. Since an easy alternative was not available, fiber in human foods was measured as crude fiber until the early 1970s (except for Southgate in England). Crude fiber method is one of the gravimetric method that measures the organic food residue remaining after sequential digestion with 0.255N sulphuric acid and 0.313N sodium hydroxide solutions, followed by oven-drying at 104 ºC overnight and ignition in muffle furnace at 600 ºC for 3 hours. The compounds removed are predominantly protein, sugar, starch, lipids and portions of both the structural carbohydrates and lignin. Crude fiber method measures variable amounts of the cellulose and lignin in the sample, but hemicelluloses, pectins, and added gums or hydrocolloids are solubilised and removed. Therefore, crude fibre measurement drastically underestimates dietary fibre in foods since it measures only cellulose and lignin. As a result, crude fiber method is only adequate for determination of fiber in animal feed product, but not suitable for human food analysis as lignin is significant to human health (James N.BeMiller 2003) Determination of carbohydrate Carbohydrates are important in food because carbohydrates provide energy, enhance immune function and support cellular communications. Carbohydrates are converted into energy to allow our cells to function. There are two major types of carbohydrates such as complex carbohydrates and simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are glycogen in human tissue and cellulose in plant tissues. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharide such as glucose, fructose, galactose and disaccharides like maltose, lactose and sucrose (DeWayne McCulley 2005). The most important sources of carbohydrates are plant food such as fruits, vegetables and grains. Milk and milk products contain the carbohydrates lactose (milk sugar) but meat, fish and poultry have no carbohydrate at all. One gram of carbohydrates has four calories. To find the number of calories from the carbohydrates in a serving, multiply the number of grams of carbohydrates by four. For example, one whole bagel has about 38 grams of carbohydrates, equal to about 152 calories (Carol Ann Rinzler 2006). The determination of carbohydrates is one of the most frequently required analyses in the food analysis laboratory and has considerable application in nutritional and biochemical studies. The variety of food and beverage products from food manufacturers continues to expand. This variety, combines with raised expectations of quality and consistency from the consumer, has created a need for analytical methods that provide specific data on the composition of both raw materials and final products. Analyses for carbohydrates must be applicable to simple ingredients, complex processed foods, and fractions or components isolated in nutritional studies. (Eliasson, 2006) There are several methods of carbohydrate analysis and can be divided into physical methods and chemical method. Physical methods generally determined some overall features of the sugars in food such as total carbohydrates. The physical methods include refractometry, polarimetry and hydrometry. Unlike physical methods, chemical methods are able to determined more specific features, for example, reducing sugar. In this experiment, carbohydrates in foods were determined by difference after knowing the content of other food components. The accuracy of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by differenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  method depends on the determination of other food components and does not make any distinction between the available and nonavailable carbohydrates. The advantage of this method is carbohydrates content can be calculated without carry out an experiment (Nollet 2004). Determination of Vitamin C Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) which forms cementing substance such as collagen in the body is important in wound healing and increasing resistance to infections. This vitamin also enhances the absorption of non-heme iron and may protect against some cancers and cardiovascular disease. Milk contains only a small amount of ascorbic acid (0.94 mg per 100g milk). Processing or exposure to heat such as pasteurization reduces the vitamin C content of milk. The current RDA for vitamin C for most adults is 60mg per day (Gregory and others 1999). Besides, pregnant women need a moderate increased for vitamin C during last trimester to meet the needs of the growing fetus. The vitamin C content in food is strongly influenced by length of time on the shelf and in the storage and cooking practice likes the heating and exposure to copper or iron or to mildly alkaline conditions destroys the vitamin (World Health Organization 1998). The AOAC method for determining vitamin C in food is based upon the reduction of the dye 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) with ascorbic acid in an acid solution. DCPIP is used as the titrant because it only oxidizes ascorbic acid and not other substances that might be present. Besides, it acts as a self-indicator in the titration because it changes to another color when in excess analyte (ascorbic acid). In the oxidized form, DCPIP is purplish-blue in neutral or alkaline solution, and pink in acid solution; the reduced form of dye is colorless. The solution will remain colorless as more DCPIP is added until all of the ascorbic acid has reacted. As soon as the next drop of DCPIP solution is added at the solution and the solution is turn to light red or pink due to the excess DCPIP, the end point of the titration is reached. Hence, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid by DCPIP solution. However, this method is not capable of determining dehydroascorbic acid conten t that presents more or less 80% of vitamin C activity shown by ascorbic acid. The diagram below show the reaction between ascorbic acid and 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCPIP). (Ball 1997) Redox reaction between ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). Before using DCPIP to quantitatively measure vitamin C, the concentration of the DCPIP solution must be known. The concentration of DCPIP solution can be determined by react the DCPIP solution with a solution of ascorbic acid with a known concentration. This is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“standardizingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the solution and it must be done before determine the concentration of vitamin C of sample. The vitamin is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration, which is enhanced by high pH and by the presence of ferric and cupric ions. For this reason, the entire analytical procedure needs to be performed at low pH and in the presence of a chelating agent if necessary. (Ronald and Landen 2003) For example, ascorbic acid is extracted from food and titrated with the indicator in the presence of acid like oxalic acid. These acids are used to preserve the correct acidity for reaction and to avoid auto oxidation of ascorbic acid. 1. James N.BeMiller. 2003. Carbohydrate Analysis. In: S. Suzanne Nielsen. Food Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p144-169. 2. Laura E. Matarese, Michele M. Gottschlich. 2003. Contemporary nutrition support practice: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. USA: Saunders. 173-175p. 3. Carol Ann Rinzler. 2006. Nutrition for Dummies. 4th ed. USA: Wiley Publishing. 102p. 4. DeWayne McCulley. 2005. Death to Diabetes: The Six Stages of Type 2 Diabetes Control Reversal. South Carolina: BookSurge. 56p. 5. 3. Ann-Charlotte Eliasson. 2006. Carbohydrates in food. 2nd Edition. USA: CRC Press. 2-3p. 6. Handbook of Food Analysis: Physical Characterization and Nutrient Analysis. 2nd ed. USA: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 387-393p. 7. G. F. M. Ball. 1997. Bioavailability and analysis of vitamins in foods. United Kingdom: Chapman Hall. 521-523 p. 8. Gregory D. Miller, Judith K. Jarvis, Lois D. McBean. 1999. Handbook of dairy foods and nutrition. 2nd ed.USA: CRC Press. 24p 9. World Health Organization. 1998. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. China: Sun Fung. 135-137p. 10. Ronald R.E and W.O.Landen, Jr, 1999. Vitamin Analysis. In: S. Suzanne Nielsen. Food Analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York. p 182.

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Essay -- essays research papers

Several years before and after the turn the turn of the twentieth century, America experienced a large influx of European immigration. These new citizens had come in search of the American dream of success, bolstered by promise of good fortune. Instead they found themselves beaten into failure by American industry. Upton Sinclair wanted to expose the cruelty and heartlessness endured by these ordinary workers. He chose to represent the industrial world through the meatpacking industry, where the rewards of progress were enjoyed only by the privileged, who exploited the powerless masses of workers. The Jungle is a novel and a work of investigative journalism; its primary purpose was to inform the general public about the dehumanization of American workers. However the novel was much more effective at exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. The public’s concern about the meat supply was so great that Sinclair later commented, â€Å"I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.† He played the journalist role well, actually spending seven months in Chicago where he studied the inner workings of the meatpacking industry. The experience allowed him to describe first-hand the sickening environment of the modern industrial factory. After Jurgis loses his factory job, he begins a frustrating search for new employment. Eventually he is forced into taking a job at the fertilizer plant, the worst place in the town. Sinclair makes it clear that the worker will, in fact, be working in sewage. The fertilizer works of Durham’s lay away from the rest of the plant. This this part of the yards came all the â€Å"tankage,† and the waste products of all sorts; here they dried out the bones—and in suffocating cellars where the day light bending over whirling machines and sewing bits of bone into all sorts of shapes, breathing their lungs of the fine dust, and doomed to die, every one of them, within a certain time. Here they made the blood into albumen, and made other foul-smelling things into thins still more foul-smelling. In the corridors and caverns where it was done, you might lose yourself as in the great caves of Kentucky. (p. 152) The thought of working in the waste of Packingtown disgusts Jurgis so much that he wishes he doesn’t get hired. Jurgis is a typical immigrant worker, and he realizes that this job is his â€Å"only hope.† T... ...r’s intended result was to show that the forces of industry capitalists would drive the working class to Socialism. Jack London, famous Socialist, commented, â€Å"What ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ did for the black slaves ‘The Jungle’ has a large chance to do for the white slaves of today.† By demonizing American industry he hoped to change the world. There are only a dozen or so pages concerned with the horrid details of meat production, but it was these informal references to the food they were buying and eating that angered the people and created public demand for reform. Upton Sinclair was primarily concerned with labor conditions for workers in the meat packing industry. He also exposed unsanitary food processing, which was incidental. It succeeded on both fronts, leading President Roosevelt to sign the Pure Food and Drug Act as a result. Sinclair was able to paint a detailed picture of immigrant culture while remaining informative. The sacrifice of millions of lives for the amassing of wealth was hard to believe, as were the exploitation of women and children in the factories. Sinclair hoped that no one who read The Jungle would forget the opening chapters. Upton Sinclairs "The Jungle" Essay -- essays research papers Several years before and after the turn the turn of the twentieth century, America experienced a large influx of European immigration. These new citizens had come in search of the American dream of success, bolstered by promise of good fortune. Instead they found themselves beaten into failure by American industry. Upton Sinclair wanted to expose the cruelty and heartlessness endured by these ordinary workers. He chose to represent the industrial world through the meatpacking industry, where the rewards of progress were enjoyed only by the privileged, who exploited the powerless masses of workers. The Jungle is a novel and a work of investigative journalism; its primary purpose was to inform the general public about the dehumanization of American workers. However the novel was much more effective at exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. The public’s concern about the meat supply was so great that Sinclair later commented, â€Å"I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.† He played the journalist role well, actually spending seven months in Chicago where he studied the inner workings of the meatpacking industry. The experience allowed him to describe first-hand the sickening environment of the modern industrial factory. After Jurgis loses his factory job, he begins a frustrating search for new employment. Eventually he is forced into taking a job at the fertilizer plant, the worst place in the town. Sinclair makes it clear that the worker will, in fact, be working in sewage. The fertilizer works of Durham’s lay away from the rest of the plant. This this part of the yards came all the â€Å"tankage,† and the waste products of all sorts; here they dried out the bones—and in suffocating cellars where the day light bending over whirling machines and sewing bits of bone into all sorts of shapes, breathing their lungs of the fine dust, and doomed to die, every one of them, within a certain time. Here they made the blood into albumen, and made other foul-smelling things into thins still more foul-smelling. In the corridors and caverns where it was done, you might lose yourself as in the great caves of Kentucky. (p. 152) The thought of working in the waste of Packingtown disgusts Jurgis so much that he wishes he doesn’t get hired. Jurgis is a typical immigrant worker, and he realizes that this job is his â€Å"only hope.† T... ...r’s intended result was to show that the forces of industry capitalists would drive the working class to Socialism. Jack London, famous Socialist, commented, â€Å"What ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ did for the black slaves ‘The Jungle’ has a large chance to do for the white slaves of today.† By demonizing American industry he hoped to change the world. There are only a dozen or so pages concerned with the horrid details of meat production, but it was these informal references to the food they were buying and eating that angered the people and created public demand for reform. Upton Sinclair was primarily concerned with labor conditions for workers in the meat packing industry. He also exposed unsanitary food processing, which was incidental. It succeeded on both fronts, leading President Roosevelt to sign the Pure Food and Drug Act as a result. Sinclair was able to paint a detailed picture of immigrant culture while remaining informative. The sacrifice of millions of lives for the amassing of wealth was hard to believe, as were the exploitation of women and children in the factories. Sinclair hoped that no one who read The Jungle would forget the opening chapters.

Falsifiability of the Big Bang Theory Essay

In one of Karl Raimund Popper’s works, he discussed the demarcation that differentiate the sciences from the non-sciences or those that are merely subjects of faith and pseudo-sciences. Popper believes that sciences are falsifiable. If something can be falsified it can be considered as a science. He argued that unlike the work of Einstein which is â€Å"capable of conflicting with possible, or conceivable, observations†, the works of Freud, Marx and Adler proves every event as compatible to their theories which in Popper’s argument was not scientific. No matter what the situation is, Freud, Marx and Adler would explain it in terms of their theory which is somehow a subjective way of explaining or looking into things. For instance, a selfish capitalist could be analyzed as someone who was fixated to a certain Freudian psychosexual stage or was suffering from Adler’s concept of inferiority. Marx would analyze the man from a class-struggle perspective. Popper believes that although there are evidences and observable facts that could prove the three theories through experimentation, these experiments are not falsifiable and are therefore merely based on faith and subjective judgments. In the case of the Big Bang theory, it argues that the universe is expanding. The theory stated that the universe had started from an initial bang or explosion of a very dense material. The impact of the explosion, according to the theory, is still observable today. Evidences shows that the space was expanding as quasars and galaxies are perceived to shift in their perceivable wavelengths. Hubble assumed, with respect to his observations, that either the universe is moving away from a center were an explosion had originated or that the universe was in constant expansion. Unlike the three theories mentioned above, the Big Bang theory left space for debate and possible changes. The three previous theories would always hold true in past and future circumstances and would always have an explanation about the phenomena that they are concerned with (personality or human nature). On the other hand, the Big Bang theory may be false whenever a new discovery proves that a Big Bang had not occurred. Big Bang theory passed the falsifiable criterion set by Popper. References: Balashov, Y. & Rosenberg, (2002). A. Philosophy of Science Contemporary Readings. Routledge. Pages 294-300. Edwards, R. E. (2001). What Caused the Big Bang? New York; Rodopi B. V.

The Art of Slow Reading

The art of slow reading Patrick Kingsley If you’re reading this article in print, chances are you’ll only get through half of what I’ve written. And if you’re reading this online, you might not even finish a fifth. These are the two findings from two recent research projects, which both suggest that many of us no longer have the concentration to read articles through to their conclusion. The problem doesn’t just stop there: academics report that we are becoming less attentive book-readers, too. So are we getting stupider?Is that what this is about? Sort of. According to The Shallows, a new book by technology sage Nicholas Carr, our hyperactive online habits are damaging the mental faculties we need to process and understand lengthy textual information. Round-the-clock news feeds leave us hyperlinking from one article to the next – without necessarily engaging fully with any of the content; our reading is frequently interrupted by the ping of the latest email; and we are now absorbing short bursts of words on Twitter and Facebook more regularly than longer texts.Because of the internet, we have become very good at collecting a wide range of information, but we are also gradually forgetting how to sit back, contemplate, and relate all these facts to each other. Still reading? You’re probably in a dwindling minority. But no matter: a literary revolution is at hand. First we had slow food, then slow travel. Now, those campaigns are joined by a slow-reading movement – a disparate bunch of academics and intellectuals who want us to take our time while reading, and re-reading.They ask us to switch off our computers every so often and rediscover both the joy of personal engagement with printed texts, and the ability to process them fully. Lancelot Fletcher, the first present-day author to popularise the term â€Å"slow reading†, argues that slow reading is not so much about unleashing the reader’s cr eativity, as uncovering the author’s. And while Fletcher used the term initially as an academic tool, slow reading has since become a more wide-ranging concept.Slow reading, like slow food, is now, at root, a localist idea which can help connect a reader to his neighbourhood. Slow reading is a community event restoring connections between ideas and people. The continuity of relationships through reading is experienced when we borrow books from friends; when we read long stories to our kids until they fall asleep. But our era’s technological diarrhea is bringing more and more slow readers to the fore. Keith Thomas, the Oxford history professor, is one such reader.He doesn’t see himself as part of a wider slow community, but has nevertheless recently written about his bewilderment at the hasty reading techniques in contemporary academia. â€Å"I don’t think using a search engine to find certain key words in a text is a substitute for reading it properly,â €  he says. â€Å"You don’t get a proper sense of the work, or understand its context. † â€Å"The words of the writer,† suggests sage Nicholas Carr, â€Å"act as a catalyst in the mind of the reader, inspiring new insights, associations, and perceptions. And, perhaps even more significantly, it is only through slow reading that great literature can be cultivated in the future. As Carr writes, â€Å"the very existence of the attentive, critical reader provides the spur for the writer’s work. It gives the author the confidence to explore new forms of expression, to blaze difficult and demanding paths of thought, to venture into uncharted and sometimes hazardous territory. † The internet is probably part of the problem. It accustoms us to new ways of reading and looking and consuming. It fragments our attention span in a way that’s not ideal if you want to read.The real issue with the internet may be that it erodes, slowly, one’s se nse of self, one’s capacity for the kind of pleasure in isolation that reading has, since printed books became common, been standard. What’s to be done, then? Most slow readers realise that total rejection of the web is extremely unrealistic, but many felt that temporary isolation from technology was the answer. Some people have advocated turning their computer off for one day a week. But, given the pace at which most of us live, do we even have time? Some people think the iPad might just be the answer.It’s pleasant and fun, and doesn’t remind people of work. But, for the true slow reader, there’s simply no substitute for particular aspects of the paper book: the binding of a book captures an experience or idea at a particular space and time. And even the act of storing a book is a pleasure. Personally, I’m not sure I could ever go offline for long. Even while writing this article I was flicking constantly between sites, skimming too often, absorbing too little; internet reading has become too ingrained in my daily life for me to change.I read essays and articles not in hard copy but as PDFs, and I’m more comfortable churning through lots of news features from several outlets than just a few from a single print source. I suspect that many readers are in a similar position. But if, like me, you just occasionally want to read more slowly, help is at hand. You can download a computer application called Freedom, which allows you to read in peace by cutting off your internet connection. Or if you want to remove adverts and other distractions from your screen, you could always download offline reader Instapaper for your iPhone. If you’re still reading, that is.

Home Furniture Ltd.

Home Furniture Ltd. The success of Home Furniture Ltd. (HF) is due to their commitment to provide affordable yet high-quality products. As a result the corporate leaders at HF went the extra mile in developing solutions to rising manufacturing costs as well as shipping costs. For them the best way to lower manufacturing cost is through innovation.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Home Furniture Ltd. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company developed a system of manufacturing that enabled them to disassemble furniture, ship it to customers, and then re-assembled in the comfort of their own home. It was an overwhelming success. The company was established in Finland but today HF already has a global presence. However, with the global expansion comes the inevitable problems associated with it. The corporate leaders at HF came face-to-face with challenges related to culture and logistics. Their difficulties were exacerbated by the f act that HF is no longer governed by a Finnish CEO but one who comes from the UK and together with his promotion to the top post, he brought with him a set of cultural beliefs and core values that came in conflict with teams working overseas. The new British CEO must learn how to do business in a global scale and it requires a clear understanding of cultural differences and its impact in developing teams. Some of the most significant changes made by the new CEO was to adopt the English language as the official language of communication throughout the organisation. Thus, multicultural teams located as far as India and other Asian countries must comply with this new directive. However, it did not take long for the CEO to realise that the communication strategy used to implement change revealed conflicts due to cultural differences. More importantly the CEO was made aware of the fact that there are serious lapses in human resource management especially when it comes to global operation s. There is a need to formulate a strategy to solve these problems and the best way to start is to realise that culture is at the heart of the matter. A. Provide the new Home Furniture CEO with advice on the policy he should adopt when operating in various countries and employing people from various countries. Refer to the various concepts and outcomes of research on management across cultures. Understanding Culture The CEO must lead the way when it comes to understanding differences in culture and the need to effectively managed multicultural teams (Hogan, 2007, p.81). There must be a program that teaches top managers on how to deal with diversity within the organisation. The struggle in coping with the challenges of diversity is especially true for the expatriates that HF sent to handle their Asian and American business operations.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The said training program should be instilled into the hearts and minds of the top-level managers who will be sent as expatriates to foreign countries. They must learn to respect, appreciate and manage diversity. They must come to realise that culture is: a) the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one human group from another; b) important sets of assumptions that are shared by members of a community; and c) a groups characteristic way of perceiving the environment† (Earley Singh, 2000, p.18). These are the things that they cannot afford to ignore. HFs CEO must emphasise the fact that technical expertise is just part of the learning process, they must also learn the significance of understanding cultural differences. Members of the multicultural teams scattered all over the globe must come to terms with the fact that â€Å"Culture give people a sense of who they are, of belonging, of how they should behave, and of what they should be doing, culture im pacts behaviour, morale, and productivity at work, and includes values and patterns that influence company attitudes and actions† (Moran Harris, 2007, p.6). If the CEO and the top-level managers are in agreement about these issues then they will develop a keen awareness of the strengths and limitations of multicultural teams and how to deal with employees in foreign lands. A deeper understanding of culture and its impact on the organisation can be understood by referring to a framework developed by a psychologist named Geert Holfstede (Mindtools, 2011 p.1). These are labelled as follows: 1) Power/Distance; 2) Individualism; 3) Masculinity; 4) Uncertainty/Avoidance; and 5) Long Term Orientation. (Mindtools, 2011, p.1). These five dimensions cover important aspects of business operations such as corporate leadership, teamwork, how to deal with employees and how employees will interact with their supervisors. It is even helpful when it comes to gender issues. It also give leader s the ability to develop systems and company policies based on the local culture and not on what they believe is true according to their own culture. The framework developed by Holfstede is a helpful tool when it comes to devising strategies for developing human resources.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Home Furniture Ltd. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first dimension labelled as Power/Distance is an important contribution in the study of international business. This cultural dimension is the measure of the effect of the perception of power when it comes to the interaction between two people. In the UK it is non-issue if a subordinate will deal with a boss in a manner that will reveal that they are equals, without considering age differences and social status. If the same thing is done in a country like Japan where there is a high score in the Power/Distance dimension, then the boss will be offended by the lack of respect from the subordinate. The second dimension which is Individualism is the measure of the â€Å"strength of the ties people have to others within the community† (MindTools, 2011, p.1). This means that in Asian countries the workers will chose harmony over confrontation. They will do everything not to rock the boat so to speak. This can be frustrating for a Westerner when it comes to dealing with problems in the company and find no one will speak out and talk about the issues that are hounding the group. The third most important insight that Hofstede contributed to the study of international business is how to measure long term orientation or LTO. This particular cultural dimension is very critical when it comes to introducing something new to the company. It is imperative that HFs CEO is aware of this facet of culture. If the CEO ignores the implications of LTO then he will be bewildered when he encounters resistance when it comes to a policy change. This re sistance is due to the natural tendency to use what worked in Western societies but does not necessarily mean that it is also effective in an Asian context. Hiring and Training Before going into the intricacies of multicultural teams the first thing that has to be done is to hire the best and brightest, train them and then hope to retain their services for a long period of time. It is the finding, training, and retaining of skilled workers that can thrive in Western-style multinational corporate cultures that will ensure the success of HF in foreign lands (Krizan et al., 2008, p.381). HFs CEO must be aware of the strength and weaknesses of the talent pool available to him. The best way to illustrate this is to look at HFs needs in the context of their operations in China.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to experts there are four types of managers that HF can hire and these are 1) Western expatriates; 2) Asian Expatriates; 3) Mainland Chinese returning home; and 4) Local talent (Lau, 2007, p.1). The same thing can be said of other operations outside Finland thus this is a good way to demonstrate how the CEO will deal with hiring and training expatriates and local talent. The strength of Western expatriates is seen in the way they understand international business and their familiarity with Western management techniques. However, they do not posses a deep understanding of the Chinese culture and they are very limited in terms of using the Chinese language. Asian expatriates on the other hand can be as good as Western expatriates in terms of their knowledge with regards to Western management techniques. Furthermore, they have another advantage; they have a far better grasp of Chinese culture and language. One option open to HF is to hire managers that are from Mainland China who went abroad to study or live there as expatriates and decided to come back to their homeland and work there. Their advantage is they understand the Western mindset and trained to implement strategies from a Western point of view. This group is valuable to the company in terms of their ability to understand Chinese culture. The only challenge is that HF must offer them an attractive compensation package so that they will be enticed to come home and work in China. The fourth group are the locals. The problem is that they lack international exposure and deficient when it comes to English language skills. Moreover, they need to be trained to appreciate and embrace the standard of quality expected by HF. Nevertheless, it is more practical to hire local talent than to hire someone from abroad. This is the reason why HF build teams by hiring a small number of local managers at the level of middle-management and then bring in an expatriat to guide the team initially for four years. Thi s is a good practice because the locals will know that they have job security and that the company has a long term commitment in their country. Aside from localising the management team one way of retaining top talent is through investing in training and development as seen in the following, â€Å"many foreign businesses have extensively rotated local talent through various countries. This rotation and related possibility of promotion is also an effective way of retaining human capital developed by the company† (Luo, 2007, p. 181). It is important to remember though that training programs should be a product of careful planning with an eye towards the future and not simply a hastily assembled training program that does not meet the needs of multicultural teams. According to Schuler and Jackson, â€Å"Enterprises often carry out training without strategic planning, costing or taking into account what the training needs of the enterprise† (2007, p. 282). This will not wo rk for HF. B. The sophisticated nature of logistics and the innovation and development of products at Home Furniture means that its employees are required to work in teams. Advise the new CEO on what he should take into account when forming multi-cultural teams from various countries where Home Furniture has offices, stores, and production units, and how to manage those teams. Develop a Training Program HFs CEO must design and develop a training program that will transform the way the organisation deals with multicultural teams. According to experts multicultural teams can easily become the most productive teams in the organization but at the same time this type of team can easily underachieve (Adler Gundersen, 2008, p.140). The reason for this is the inability of the CEO to manage diversity (Adler Gundersen, 2008, p.140). This is a crucial aspect of multicultural teams that HF must consider. If the CEO has no idea what to do with cultural diversity within a multicultural team the n conflict will arise and he will be powerless to deal with it. Experts are saying that the usual method of conflict resolution is by avoidance using the divide and conquer tactic evident in compartmentalisation or departmentalisation of an organisation (Earley Singh, 2000, p.21). Another method is through suppression by using the power of corporate hierarchy to stifle dissenting voices (Earley Singh, 2000, p.21) But recent studies indicated that conflict is something that organisations must learn not to avoid; they must learn to embrace it. This is especially true when it comes to â€Å"functional conflicts† because a closer inspection will reveal that this type of conflict is â€Å"viewed as a way of surfacing more ideas, criticisms, and opinions of group members regarding task performance and can make a positive contribution to group performance† (Earley Singh, 2000, p.21). This is why the CEO must create an environment where conflict is addressed properly and no t discourage team members to voice out their opinions and suggestions. With regards to the creation of a training program for multicultural teams, HFs CEO must design it in such a way that team members will be able to â€Å"reflect on their own self (My Biography); they should be objective and accurate observers (Ethnography); they should communicate effectively (Inter-cultural Communication); interact successfully with people from other cultures (Inter-cultural Interaction); they should come to terms with their emotions (Emotional Management); and deal with different issues of diversity (Diversity Management)† (Guilherme Glaser, 2010, p.187). The training program must teach top-level managers, middle-management and key leaders in the company to understand culture by being able to reflect on their own cultural bias and then use that to observe the cultural differences that exist around them. By doing so they have achieved a level of awareness that will enable them to communi cate effectively to team members in a multicultural team. As a result they are able to resolve conflict and enhance teamwork. The said training program that will be initiated by HFs CEO must also contain a module wherein team leaders and team members are taught the value of communication. In the context of a multicultural team verbal skills is not enough. According to experts in the field of international business, communication is a complex subject matter that it can even be broken down into smaller components such as: words, material things and behaviour (Hall Hall, 1990, p.3). In other words a team member must try to decode what was said not only by listening to the words that was said but also by determining the silent language being conveyed. This new skill is not mastered easily and requires team members to spend more time together. Conclusion HFs CEO must develop a system of hiring and training local talent. There is nothing wrong with bringing in an expatriate to guide the team in the initial stages of development. Therefore, HF must learn to manage multicultural teams. The next step is to create a training program that will instil in the hearts and minds of every single employee that they live in a globalised workplace. It is no longer enough to focus on ones culture; it is time to understand cultural differences that exist within the team. In this way multicultural teams can be more effective and HF will be able to expand in other countries because it is now possible to hire and retain the best talent. References Adler, N. J. Gundersen, A., 2008. International Dimensions of Organisational  Behaviour. UK: Thomson Higher Education. Earley, P. C. Singh, H., 2000. Innovations in International and Cross-cultural  Management. London: Sage. Guilherme, M. Glaser, E. 2010. The Inter-cultural Dynamics of Multicultural  Working. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Hall, Edward T. Hall, M., 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Amer icans. Yarmouth, ME: Inter-cultural Press. Hogan, C., 2007. Facilitating Multicultural Groups: A Practical Guide. London: Kogan Page. Lau, D., 2011. China: Skills Shortage Makes Long-Term Talent Management Key  to Success. Web. Luo, Y., 2007. Guanxi and Business. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. MindTools, 2011. Holfstedes Cultural Dimensions. Web. Moran, R.T. Harris, P.R., 2007. Managing Cultural Differences. 7th ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Schuler, R. Jackson, S. E., 2007. Strategic Human Resource Management. 2nd ed. MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Shelley essays

Shelley essays The Romantic Period, which lasted about 45 years, gave birth to a new genre of literature, political thought, and it began a new era of history. Many authors contributed to the new ideals that characterize The Romantic Period. One author in particular was Percy Shelley who had written during The Romantic Period. The romantic ideals and characteristics can be found in the writings of Shelley. One of the ideologies of The Romantic Period was the creativity of the imagination, and Shelleys writings are littered with examples of this ideology. One example of this is in Shelleys poem To Sidmouth and Castlereagh, in this poem Shelley refers to these men as Two vipers tangled into one (20). Through this description Shelley indicates what he thinks of these two men by attributing non-human characteristics to them, and thus gives an example of the use of Shelleys imagination. Another example of Shelley giving humans non-human characteristics is in the poem Ode to the West Wind in which Shelley gives himself these characteristics as What if my leaves are falling like its own! (58) Also in the poem The flower that smiles today, Shelley gives a flower positive human characteristic, The flower that smiles today. (1) Even in the poem O World, O Life, O Time, Shelley imagines that he must deal with the challenges that each brings to him, O World, O Life, O Time, On whose last ste ps I climb. (1-2) It can be seen that Shelleys imagination provided him with a strong basis for his writings. Another characteristic of The Romantic Period that is seen in Shelleys writings is the theme of the supernatural. The mention of gods, death, or characters of myth are present throughout Shelleys works. An example of the supernatural in Shelleys poems is in the poem Alastor ...

Nao Bell and Jar with Sculptural Rim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nao Bell and Jar with Sculptural Rim - Essay Example is serves to indicate that the primitive art creators of the age had some measure of geometry and trigonometry incorporated, which is evident from the very geometric patterns on the rim. Additionally, the curves used to compile the base of the jar provide further evidence for the use of advanced geometrical techniques. The second piece, the Nao bell, provides another unique experience of Oriental craftsmanship. The colour of the Nao bell indicates that it was fashioned by water exposure over time since the existing colour belies the materials used to create the piece (Kimbell Art Museum). The Nao bell shows the detail that was assigned to art pieces, especially of a ritualistic nature, in ancient Chinese society. The scrolls on the sides of the Nao bell signify the intricacy that could be produced through castings from the period since it would require detailed mold making including provisions for precise cast making. In addition, the curves defining the rims of the Nao bell and the depression inside the bell are also testament to the virtuosos of the

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix Essay

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix framework gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example This has given rise to the concept of commodity chain. Different firms with heterogeneous geographical distribution engaged in production activities of a commodity is said to constitute a global commodity chain. This is known as the Global Commodity Chain (GCC) model. (Dicken P., 2003) According to Hopkins and Wallerstein a commodity chain is defined as â€Å"a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity†. The process of production of a commodity is of main importance in the commodity chain. The entire process can be thought of being comprised of a network of points where each point is related to its preceding one in terms of procuring raw material, production, distribution and consumption. These interorganaisational points are technically defined as ‘nodes’. The geographical location of the nodes is generally different from one another. This explanation provides an innovative view for explaining the global inequalities in development. The nodes that are located at the periphery of the network are open to more competition than the nodes at the centre. As a result, central nodes are subject to more aggregate wealth than the peripheral nodes. This distribution is augmented by competitive pressures of innovat ion that flows from the centre to the periphery. It is natural that the core areas will enjoy better support facilities like infrastructure than the peripheral area. (Birch K., April 2006) The Value Chain Analysis developed by Michael Porter is an important tool in the hands of business managers that help to increase the value of the offering by a firm.. The generic value chain model suggests of breaking the entire set of activities undertaken by a firm into primary activities and support activities. The primary value chain activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and after sales

A simple reply letter to a councillor, all materials provided. 2pages Essay

A simple reply letter to a councillor, all materials provided. 2pages Writer #381 - Essay Example For that reason, we would argue that the benefit of even just one more youth center would far surpass the cost. The problem as we see it is that the enormous potential of how youth centers help kids on their path toward maturity is far more difficult to quantify than a mere cost analysis can do. The most important element in CBD Renewal Project is that middle term-renewal. Renewal of a project carries with connotations that reach well beyond merely creating a more attractive faade. In order to fully renew a community, a long term vision is required that not only presents a more attractive front, but an entirely new foundation. The dilapidated facilities that you mentioned in your kind letter are best viewed as just one dimension to the more complex issue of rebuilding the broken spirit of our community. It was the breaking of that spirit that led to the decay of these buildings. A youth center is important not only in immediate terms of financial and social benefits, but as a basis upon which to build and strengthen the very vitality of the neighborhood in which is centered. We respect your position and knowledge enough to suggest, with all modesty, that we are just as concerned as you about renewing the g

Fort Myers Economical Development Research Paper

Fort Myers Economical Development - Research Paper Example The city has a lot of business opportunities. In conducting research about business opportunities, one should ask more question in order to come up with an appropriate data. One should ask about the business opportunities arising in the city, the demand of infrastructures available and whether the city encourages foreign investors. Being one of the major cities in Lee County, it has many infrastructures, which ensure business opportunities to both local and foreign investors. Many people from different regions of the world have invested in the area. The city is a centre of tourism attraction. The old historical building and museum attracts million of people yearly. It is estimated that over two million people visit the museum yearly. The river in the city ensures enough supply of water and also serves as a transport base. The city has many industries, which work to ensure the progress of Lee County. Tax collected from the industries assist in development of new business. Currently, t he industries, which exist include tourism, transportation, security, information technology, communication and fishing among others. The industries are operated by both government and private individuals. The government takes care of the business opportunity and ensures consumer protection. Each industry operates in respect of government rules. Tourism industry in the region has promoted other industries. Transport and communication have been in high demand due to transportation of the tourist and other business investors visiting the region. Security industry also has been in demand because the investor requires security to prevent loss. The government protects the old buildings; because they serve has tourism attractors. Demolition of these buildings can lead to decrease of business opportunities because tourism has promoted many industries in business and destruction of tourism attractors means that many industries will collapse. Fort Myers contributed to about a third of the Le e Country economy through the collection of taxes from business in the region. Other industries in the regions include education and health. Those industries are operated by the government and private individuals. Education sector has good chances of business growth. Private universities and school in the region earn business owners good income. The health industry also favors private business people. The estimate shows that about five thousand people visit the hospital each day. Establishment of a private hospital can earn the owner good income (Turner, 2009). People should invest in the city in order to notice the opportunities because the business needs trial. This study is significant to many people. It will help investors in the city, people willing to invest, the government and tourism agents. It will also help private investors in other regions. The study is also significant to students in the business department. The study has a lot of benefits to certain groups of people. F irst, it will help business investors because they will be able to know which industry to start a new business (Smoot, 2007). It will also help the government to know the areas to improve, and the industries which they should take care for to avoid collapsing. The people visiting the city will have knowledge about the things involved in the city and it can serve as a tour guide. Finally, the study will serve as an academic source. Student in the department of business and others related department will use

Is war principally the outcome of state sovereignty (International Essay

Is war principally the outcome of state sovereignty (International Relations) - Essay Example The motives as to why states and individuals may get into war has remained a subject of moral scrutiny For hundred of years state sovereignty has, been a significant rule of interstate relationships and a basis of the world order, The concept of State sovereignty lies at the core of both the traditional international rule and also the United Nations (UN) Charter. It has remained both a critical element of the preservation of global peace and security and more so a protection of weak nations against strong ones. In addition, the conception has never been as sacred, both in practice or law, as an official legal description may imply. According to past UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "The time of absolute sovereignty has passed; its theory was never matched by reality." (Angelo, 2006) Practically, sovereignty of states' has regularly been dishonoured by powerful nations. In the present's globalized world, it is commonly accepted that cultural, economic and environmental influences do not respect boundaries nor does it require an access visa. The conception of state sovereignty is extensively ingrained in legal and also political dissertation. Similarly, territorial bounders are becoming under pressure and have weakened in importance as an outcome of modern international relationships. both communications and technology has made boundaries permeable, while the political elements of internal turmoil and misery have also frequently resulted in larger international turmoil. (Angelo, 2006) Meaning and reason of sovereignty State sovereignty stand for the capability, independent or self-government, and lawful equality of nations. The conception is usually used to include all issues in which all state is permitted through international law in deciding and acting without interferences from any other sovereign nations or states. These issues comprise the selection of political, social, cultural and economic systems and the crafting of foreign policy. The range of the autonomy of option of a state in these issues is limited; it depends upon advancements in the international law (which includes agreements formed voluntarily) and the international relations. (Angelo, 2006) As a characteristic of statehood territorial sovereignty, lies behind the structure of international arrangement in relationships amongst states. An action of hostility is illegal, not only as it challenges international world order, but also since states have applied their sovereignty to forbid war. More so, the breakdown or deteriorating of state ability which brings around a political void inside states results to human sufferings and regional and international insecurity. Aggressive, oppressive, or disintegrated states might lead in threats to regional and international security and peace. (Angelo, 2006) Theories of war: Balance of Power Theory The balance of power theory forecasts that swift alterations in the international supremacy and status, particularly efforts by one nation to conquer a region, will inflame counterbalancing acts. Because of this, the balancing process assists to preserve the stability of relationship among states. It has been observed that, a balance of power structure works most successfully when coalitions are

Riordan Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Riordan Company - Essay Example For example, faster transportation helps the supply chain to be more responsive while the same time reduces the efficiency within the supply chain. Therefore, transportation has a great impact as it controls the speed of response. The modes of transportation that are available within the organization include air transport which makes it easier for the organization in that being a global company the materials needs to get to their suppliers within the stipulated time. Secondly, transport, by sea is also another option for the organization in case the goods are not urgently needed (Shah, 2009). Transport by road can also be effective in case the goods are being transported within the country of manufacture or production. Transportation influences the supply chain in the sense that in case the goods are not transported within the right time then it means that some other orders will have to be delayed in order to get the others moving. For that reason, it is always important for the organizations to have the right mode of transportation to ensure that the supply chain is not affected

Fort Myers Economical Development Research Paper

Fort Myers Economical Development - Research Paper Example The city has a lot of business opportunities. In conducting research about business opportunities, one should ask more question in order to come up with an appropriate data. One should ask about the business opportunities arising in the city, the demand of infrastructures available and whether the city encourages foreign investors. Being one of the major cities in Lee County, it has many infrastructures, which ensure business opportunities to both local and foreign investors. Many people from different regions of the world have invested in the area. The city is a centre of tourism attraction. The old historical building and museum attracts million of people yearly. It is estimated that over two million people visit the museum yearly. The river in the city ensures enough supply of water and also serves as a transport base. The city has many industries, which work to ensure the progress of Lee County. Tax collected from the industries assist in development of new business. Currently, t he industries, which exist include tourism, transportation, security, information technology, communication and fishing among others. The industries are operated by both government and private individuals. The government takes care of the business opportunity and ensures consumer protection. Each industry operates in respect of government rules. Tourism industry in the region has promoted other industries. Transport and communication have been in high demand due to transportation of the tourist and other business investors visiting the region. Security industry also has been in demand because the investor requires security to prevent loss. The government protects the old buildings; because they serve has tourism attractors. Demolition of these buildings can lead to decrease of business opportunities because tourism has promoted many industries in business and destruction of tourism attractors means that many industries will collapse. Fort Myers contributed to about a third of the Le e Country economy through the collection of taxes from business in the region. Other industries in the regions include education and health. Those industries are operated by the government and private individuals. Education sector has good chances of business growth. Private universities and school in the region earn business owners good income. The health industry also favors private business people. The estimate shows that about five thousand people visit the hospital each day. Establishment of a private hospital can earn the owner good income (Turner, 2009). People should invest in the city in order to notice the opportunities because the business needs trial. This study is significant to many people. It will help investors in the city, people willing to invest, the government and tourism agents. It will also help private investors in other regions. The study is also significant to students in the business department. The study has a lot of benefits to certain groups of people. F irst, it will help business investors because they will be able to know which industry to start a new business (Smoot, 2007). It will also help the government to know the areas to improve, and the industries which they should take care for to avoid collapsing. The people visiting the city will have knowledge about the things involved in the city and it can serve as a tour guide. Finally, the study will serve as an academic source. Student in the department of business and others related department will use

Riordan Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Riordan Company - Essay Example For example, faster transportation helps the supply chain to be more responsive while the same time reduces the efficiency within the supply chain. Therefore, transportation has a great impact as it controls the speed of response. The modes of transportation that are available within the organization include air transport which makes it easier for the organization in that being a global company the materials needs to get to their suppliers within the stipulated time. Secondly, transport, by sea is also another option for the organization in case the goods are not urgently needed (Shah, 2009). Transport by road can also be effective in case the goods are being transported within the country of manufacture or production. Transportation influences the supply chain in the sense that in case the goods are not transported within the right time then it means that some other orders will have to be delayed in order to get the others moving. For that reason, it is always important for the organizations to have the right mode of transportation to ensure that the supply chain is not affected

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Essay This document is one of a series of free information tools for exporters produced by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise provides a wide range of standard services and sophisticated solutions that assist businesses through every stage of the export process. For information or advice, phone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise client manager. CONTENTS 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. 1 Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 3 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous country with a population of 232. 5 million in 2010, and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and beverage exports totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s 11th largest export destination. i In November 2011, Indonesia provided formal notification of the completion of its internal ratification procedures to enable the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up considerable opportunities for New Zealand businesses. The agreement will allow duty / tariff free access to over 90 percent of New Zealand goods and services by 2015. ii 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat products comprised over 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and beverage exports to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia’s dairy and meat market was worth an estimated US$2 billion. The majority of the population in Indonesia, approximately 85 percent, are Muslim and all slaughtered food and meat (excluding pork) must have halal certification. iii 3/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. 1 Market by product category Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s packaged food market was valued at US$19. 1 billion. The sale of impulse and indulgence products (i. e. chocolates) grew due to increasing affluence. Nutrition and staples (i. e. rice) grew by 31 percent in 2010. Canned / preserved food had a high growth rate of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 in million USD 2007 Packaged Food Total Nutrition/staples (i. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (i. e. dessert mixes, instant soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (i. e.chocolate coated biscuits) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (i. e. tomato pastes). Sweet and Savoury Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (i. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (i. e. instant pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 3 2009 14,817. 9,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the fresh food market in Indonesia had a total volume of 48. 1 million tonnes, making Indonesia the fifth largest fresh food market in the world. During the period 20052010, demand of fresh food increased by 13 percent. iv Indonesia: Fresh food market in Indonesia in million tonnes Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 forecasts) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine market was worth approximately US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail sales totalled 3. 1 million litres. Wine accounted for only 3 percent of total alcohol sales. Beer is considerably more popular as an alcoholic beverage. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume sales declined by 6 percent. While prices increased, the demand from Indonesian consumers with high disposable incomes and expatriates remained and the number of wine enthusiasts in Indonesia grew. The growth was influenced by western culture and wine events such as wine tasting, wine dinners and classes. The wine market showed an increase in sales by value of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. v Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-trade Value in million USD Off-trade Volume in million litres 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by distribution channel Mass grocery retail In 2011, traditional retailers, comprising small independent stores and open air markets, accounted for an estimated 77 percent of the total retail sales. vii 5/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 In the organised retail sector, Hypermarkets had the largest market share in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in sales, followed by supermarkets (US$11 billion) and convenience stores / mini-markets (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, supermarket sales increased by 112 percent, followed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and convenience stores / mini-markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector – Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores / Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798. 2009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers The following are viewed as key drivers for the food and beverage market in Indonesia: ? The food and beverage market in Indonesia grew in 2010, recovering from the worldwide recession. Purchasing power of middle and upper income consumers revived with an increase of disposable income. Political and economic conditions stabilised and the number of modern retail outlets and food service retailers grew. vi Consumers are embracing the health conscious trend seen throughout the world, as a result of exposure to health education through the media. vi To meet the increasing demand of educated and health conscious consumers, the Indonesian government has taken on initiatives such as the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate project. Through this US$5 billion project, the government expects to produce almost 2 million tonnes of rice, 2 million tonnes of corn, 2. 5 million tonnes of sugar, 937,000 tonnes of palm oil,167,000 tonnes of soy beans and grazing land for 64,000 cattle. vii In April 2010, taxation on wine increased significantly resulting in an increase in wine prices. Approximately 45 percent of the cost paid by consumers is tax, including sales tax (VAT), excise and import tax. v While traditional markets still account for the majority of retail sales, they face greater pressure on market share as modern retail becomes more popular. While the government tried to discourage the rapid spread of modern retail, it wasn’t successful in enforcing its legislative regulations and modern retailers increased in numbers by using fake permits in some cases. iii ? ? ? ? 6/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market Potential The overall food consumption is forecast to grow by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, such as hypermarkets are projected to increase in numbers as urban centres expand and demand increases for convenience and added-value products (i. e. rice and noodle ready-meals). However, most consumers in Indonesia remain price sensitive and private label will be a popular alternative as it is perceived as good value rather than cheap. vii The sale of alcoholic beverages is expected to decline with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. However, wine is forecast to grow with a CAGR of 1. 4 percent during 20102015 as wine is perceived to be a healthier option than other alcoholic beverages such as beer. v Indonesia has a massive youth population of around 40. 9 million, aged between 15 and 24. This age group tends to be more westernised compared to the older population and is projected to drive demand for mass market products such as confectionary goods. vii There are opportunities for products targeted to improve the condition of specific health problems. These products include calcium fortified milk to prevent osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing mothers, baby food and products for weight and cholesterol reduction. vi 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an estimated US$8. 1 billion, a growth of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is relatively resilient to global trade volatility but reliant on dairy and poultry imports to meet demand. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Trade in million USD 2009 Exports Imports Balance 18,756 6,476 12,280 2010e 24,765 8,120 16,645 2011f 30,406 9,573 20,833 2012f 36,517 11,233 25,284 2013f 43,492 13,172 30,320 2014f 52,167 15,598 36,563 2015f 62,034 18,448 43,585 Source: Business Monitor International (NB: 2010 estimate; 2011-2015 forecasts) 7/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 5 Key Players in the Marketvii Food and beverages Nestle Indonesia had the highest market share with sales of US$23. 2 billion in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Nestle has a market leading position in the dairy sector and in its instant noodle category, operates a 50-50 joint venture with Indofood Sukses Makmur. One of Indonesia’s key players in alcoholic beverages is Multi Bintang with 414 employees and US$209. 5 million in sales in 2010. Indonesia: Key Players in the food and beverage market Company Nestle Indonesia Indofood Sukses akmur Terbuka Unilever Indonesia PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Mayora Indah Tbk Sari Husada PT Malindo Feedmill Tbk PT Siantar Top Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Sub-sector confectionery and dairy miscellaneous food dairy and tea meat and Fish confectionery formula and baby food miscellaneous food Snack food Snack food and instant noodles Sales (US$mn) 23,238** 4,493 2,303 1,764 845 317e 238 89 83 Yearending Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 2010 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 No. Of employees 1,232 64,200 3,308 7,095 4,407 902 2,144 4,292 1,925 Year Established 1971 1990 1933 1972 1977 1954 na 1970 na Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate, na = not available, **Includes Papua New Guinea) Mass Grocery Retail Hero Supermarket Tbk had the largest sales within the mass grocery retail sector with US$8. 97 billion in 2010. Hero has a broad range of store formats and offers lower value products while Carrefour, the biggest foreign retailer in Indonesia, dominates the upper end of the market. 8/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Key Players in Indonesia’s Mass Grocery Retail Sector, 2011 Parent Company PT Hero Supermark et Tbk PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT Matahari Putra Prima Tbk Country of Origin Indonesia / Hong Kong Sales, US$ mn 8,971 Financial year 2010 Brand Hero Giant StarMart Indonesia 1,645 2010 Alfamart Alfa Minimart Foodmart Hypermart Cut Price PT Carrefour Indonesia PT Makro Indonesia ** PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk PT Indomaret Prismatama PT Lion Superindo PT Alfa Retailindo Tbk France / Indonesia Netherlands Indonesia. Indonesia Belgium / Indonesia Indonesia 1,570*** 656e 639 500e 431* 187 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 Carrefour Makro Ramayana Indomaret Super Indo Alfa Alfa Grosir Gelael Format Supermarket Hypermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Hypermarket Discount Store Hypermarket Supermarket Cash Carry Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket No of outlets 120 38 125 4812 Indonesia 1,615 2009 25 52 9 63 16 20 104 5,174 74 35 8 11. Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate,*Based on Delhaize Group Rest of World Sales,** South Korea’s Lotte acquired Makro in October 2008,***Based on Carrefour’sIndonesia sales. ?Includes franchised, independent stores) 1. 6 Regulatory Information provided in this section is for reference only. When negotiating supply contracts and before beginning actual export, companies are advised to consult closely with their importer or distributor. Duties and tariffs Under AANZFTA there will be tariff free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand goods by 2015, and the majority of these are food and beverage products. 9/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Alcoholic beverages in Indonesia including wine are strictly regulated due to the Muslim Law. Wines are subject to 10 percent value added tax (VAT), import tax of 150 percent and income tax of 25 percent. Category A B C Classification Alcoholic beverage with 1-5 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 5-20 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 20-55 percent ethanol content Import duty USD 1. 57 / litre IDR 14,000 / litre USD 6. 18 / litre IDR 55,000 / litre USD 14. 00 / litre IDR 125,000 / litre Excise Tax USD 1. 25 / litre IDR 11,000 / litre USD 4. 5 / litre IDR 40,000 / litre USD 14. 61 / litre IDR130,000 / litre For more information, visit the Directorate General of Customs Excise at www. beacukai. go. id or the AANZFTA at www. asean. fta. govt. nz. Licensing and registration requirements Prior to importation of food, companies must follow a registration process which involves a fee of Rp 150,000-3,000,000 (approximately NZ$17-345). The documents needed to register include: ? ? ? ? ?a letter that guarantees safety, quality, nutrition and labelling an authorisation letter from the manufacturer health certificate or certificate of free sale issued by authorised deputy from country of origin an audit report of distribution facilities from NADFC (National Agency of Drugs and Food Control) provincial office. copy of registration approval letter from the NZ company’s importer For more information on licensing and registration, visit National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id Labelling requirements. All imported food and beverages need to be labelled in Indonesian language and must contain: ? ? ? ? brand name name of product (type of food) list of ingredients net weight or net content or drained weight (if applicable) 10/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage |. February 2012 ? ? ? name and address of parties that produce or import the products into Indonesia registration number date, month and year of minimum durability For more information on labelling, visit the National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id. Quotas New Zealand wine exports are subject to Indonesia’s import quotas. The Indonesian government increased the import quota for wine to 225,000 cases in 2009, from 80,000 cases in 2008. The number of cases of wine imported in 2008 and 2009 were 77,485 and 191,953 cases respectively. Error! Bookmark not defined. Indonesia has also recently imposed beef quotas which are being reviewed regularly. Halal Halal certification in Indonesia is required for all food derived from animal products, and recommended for companies whose products are targeting the mass retail market. Exporters are advised to check this closely with their importers or distributors in Indonesia. The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) is recognised by the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) for certifying products in New Zealand. They can be contacted at [emailprotected] co. nz. For more information on the overseas market access requirements (including halal requirements), visit the New Zealand Food Safety Authority at www. foodsafety. govt. nz For more information on halal, visit the MUI at www. halalmui. org 1. 7 Sustainabilityviii The Indonesian Government encourages companies to use sustainable packaging and recyclable materials through tax incentives and an awards system. The government plans to boost the environmentally friendly packaging through Industrial Regulations in Indonesia (RUU Perindustrian). Alternatives to plastic packaging such as vegetable material or bio-plastic packaging have been welcomed by the market. Bio-plastic is made from biotic materials (i. e. corn, cassava or micro-biota) and the material is easier to decompose. A national water company, PT Aqua Golden Mississippi, is currently developing a water bottle from vegetable material. The Indonesian Nanotechnology Society is researching a thinner plastic bottle which can be decomposed in 4 to 8 weeks. 11/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies Indonesia is a price sensitive market, but with the growth of the new generation of middle and high income consumers, the quality of products is of greater importance. Branded and high quality food and beverage products are in demand. The middle high income segment is paying more attention to healthy products as the new generation becomes more health conscious. Indonesian consumers prefer internationally well-known brands and imported products, particularly for their children. In 2010, the government approved a number of import licences for alcoholic beverages. There were previously only 2 companies with import licences but now more than 20 companies have secured a licence. To acquire an import licence, a company needs to have at least 20 brands in its portfolio. It is recommended that New Zealand food and beverage products focus on Jakarta (with a population of 9. 6 million), Surabaya (4 million) and Bali (4 million). Jakarta and Surabaya are big markets in their own right but are also distribution hubs to the east and western parts of Indonesia. Bali is a popular tourism destination and there is a demand for quality products from hotels and restaurants. 2. 2 Points of Differentiation New Zealand is known in Indonesia as a producer of fresh, clean, high quality and healthy products. However, the market holds little knowledge about the range of products New Zealand sells. New Zealand companies need to continuously promote the overall New Zealand image for the benefit of their products. 2. 3 Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Recently a number of new regulations were introduced, which are aimed at protecting local producers of horticultural, agricultural and dairy products. Political issues and corruption are still a major issue in doing business in Indonesia. All imported food and beverage products must be registered by Indonesia’s National Agency for Food and Drugs Control (BPOM). New Zealand food and beverage exporters are advised to check with their Indonesian customers or partners what the exact process is. The specified time limit for BPOM to issue registration is 45 working days, but in the past it has taken 6-12 months. 12/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. 4 Distribution Channels. The best market penetration strategy is to appoint a local importer who has an established network across Indonesia. This will enable New Zealand businesses to access the retail market and also the HORECA (hotel, restaurant and catering) markets. Importers will undertake the product registration on behalf of New Zealand companies. New Zealand companies must provide the necessary documentation including a letter of appointment for the Indonesian importer. 2. 5 Pricing New Zealand products face stiff competition from other imported products, particularly products from Asian countries. With the right pricing and product positioning strategies, Indonesian consumers are willing to pay for premium products. Mark-ups for imported products will include: ? ? ? import agent fees custom duties value added tax (VAT) of 5-10 percent 13/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS ASSOCIATIONS /ORGANISATION ASEAN New Zealand Combined Business Council Halal Indonesia The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) WEBLINK www. asean. org. nz www. halalindonesia. org/ www. fianz. co. nz/index. php Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control www.pom. go. id ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Guide Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Customs Excise. TRADE EVENTS InterFood Indonesia Fish and Seafood Indonesia Agri Indo Jakarta Fashion Food Festival OTHER NZTE PUBLICATIONS Indonesia Country Brief Wine Market in Southeast Asia Food and beverage in the hotel, restaurant and institutions market in Southeast Asia www. asean. fta. govt. nz www. depkes. go. id/en/ www. beacukai. go. id WEBLINK www. interfood-indonesia. com www. fisheryandseafoodexpo. com www. agri-indo. com www. jfff. info WEBLINK www. nzte.govt. nz www. nzte. govt. nz /www. nzte. govt. nz Disclaimer: This publication is provided to you as a free service and is intended to flag to you market opportunities and possibilities. Use of and reliance on the information/products/technology/concepts discussed in this publication, and the suitability of these for your business is entirely at your own risk. You are advised to carry out your own independent assessment of this opportunity. The information in this publication is general; it was prepared by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) from publicly available and/or subscription database sources. NZTE; its officers, employees and agents accept no liability for any errors or omissions or any opinion/s expressed, and no responsibility is accepted with respect to the standing of any firm/s, company/ies or individual/s mentioned. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise is not responsible for any adverse consequences arising out of such use. You release New Zealand Trade and Enterprise from all claims arising from this publication. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise reserves the right to reuse any general market information contained in its reports. i ii iii iv v vi vii viii Euromonitor International, 26 August 2011. Indonesia: Country Profile APNZ, 15 November 2011. Indonesia to join regional FTA. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from www. nzherald. co. nz Euromonitor International, 9 August 2011. Consumer Food Service in Indonesia. Euromonitor International, 2011. Market sizes, Indonesia Euromonitor International, February 2011. Alcoholic Drinks Indonesia Euromonitor International, November 2010. Packaged food Indonesia Business Monitor International, August 2011. Indonesia Food Drink Report Q4 2011. Euromonitor International, April 2011. Packaging Indonesia 14/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012.

Behavioural Theories of Child Development

Behavioural Theories of Child Development Alyshea Davies Child development and welfare Development and child rearing 2.1 – Explain the extent to which conditioning has been used in the shaping behaviour The method shaping is involved in calculated reinforcement which is behaviour trained to them by the trainer. The trainer rewards them for crude approximations of a desired action. One the trainer then rewards then with a behaviour reward this is one step closer towards their target. As the people/animal reaches each behaviour target the older behavioural rewards are stopped which then help to encourage their process towards their desired behaviour. Shaping uses an operant conditioning to help to train a subject by rewarding them properly for their good behaviour and discouraging their improper behaviour. B.F. Skinner enforces heavily within the reinforcement or punishment so that the successive approximations of certain behaviours. The reinforcement helps to strengthen the behaviour that comes before it, it can either have a positive or negative outcome. Positive reinforcement is the person/animal attaining the access to a reward, whilst the negative reinforcement involving taking something away from the situation. Both positive and negative behaviour encourages reinforcement, punishments on people/animals could have a positive or negative outcome. Positive punishments is an undesirable consequence on the person/animal whereas a negative punishment removed the access to desire a reward. B.F Skinner performed shaping experiments, he experimented on a lot of animals which included rats. He would put the rats into skinner boxes that monitored their behaviour, he would release food for the rats and when the rats initially entered the box skinner would reward the rat. Each reward would increase of the desired behaviour. This have been tested on humans to and has the same reactions. 2.2 – Discuss the appropriateness of behavioural method in terms of effectiveness and ethics A discipline is something that can help a child fit into the real world and be happy and effectively. It helps to develop the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is not being nasty it is teaching and helping to guide children, not forcing them to obey it’s teach them how to live in the real world. Even though they point out unacceptable behaviour of the child, the child should know that their parents do love them and support them they need to be taught between right and wrong. Being a parent is not just about watching a child it’s about raising the child and providing them with all the necessary materials and emotional care that they need also their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Any parent finds that discipline their child is the most difficult but the most important responsibility they have and there are no shortcuts to it. Every parent must teach their child about limits and acceptable behaviour. The main aim of effective discipline so that the child behaviours appropriately so that they will be raised up to be an emotionally mature adult. The main reason for foundation of effective discipline is for respect and how to learn to respect others. All children should be able to respect their parents. Hard discipline such as verbal abuse, shouting or calling your child names will make it hard for your child to respect or trust you as the parent. An effective discipline means a discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way not a hard and angry way. The goal of this is to help and protect a child from danger and to help a child learn self-discipline and develop healthy conscience. But hitting a child hard may lead to them discipline someone in the wrong way, and this could cause another person to become hurt. 2.3 – Critically evaluate the use of power assertion techniques in enforcing restrictions, compare with other psychological methods Authoritarian parents could go over the top and end up hurting a child instead of teaching them what good behaviour is and looks like from reinforcement may be more beneficial as if Bandura is right and kids to copy their parents and could become aggressive as their parents are the people that they look at to and their parents are the child’s role models. The critics of bandura said that any parent may not be the only imitated the child looks up to they could look up to parents, older siblings. So the child is more likely to be copied and consequently a parent beating the child may be imitated. 3.1 – define social learning and relate experimental evidence Albert Bandura has proposed a social learning theory which has become one of the most influential theory’s for learning and developing. Bandura believed that leading a child into the direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning that they need. Behavioural theories of learning suggested that learning of children was the result of associations which were formed by conditioning, reinforcement and punishment. Bandura’s social learning theory proposed that a child learning can also happen simply by watching others and picking up on the stuff they do. This is known as observational learning or modelling. He quoted †¦.. Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. -Albert Bandura,Social Learning Theory, 1977 Bandura done Bobo doll experiments, he said that children learn their behaviour they have watched within other people around them. The children he studied all observed an adult acting very violent towards the Bobo dolls. When the children were playing in the room later on with the Bobo dolls, they were aggressive this is because they watched the adults being aggressive earlier on and they must of fort the behaviour was a normal way to act towards the Bobo dolls. 3.2 – critically evaluate the impact of modelling on child development Children learn appropriate behaviour and learn how to follow rules and emotional attachment with their family also depends on how the child behaves. Children watch their parents say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† and they tend to copy whereas if they did not say it the would copy and have no manners at all and people would label them as â€Å"rude and not polite†. The importance of an adult modelling is that it has an impact on the child’s behaviour. The negative side of child modelling is the adult’s bad behaviour such as using alcohol, tobacco and drugs both illegal and legal. This will teach the children in their eyes that this is right to do, when it’s not alcohol may cause the adult to become aggressive and the child will think that this behaviour is normal and start to act this way towards other people. Conditions Using Novel object to hit the Bebo doll Exhibiting non aggressive actions Model being praised Child 1 from video 1 2 1 Child 2 from video 1 6 0 Child 3 Girl Aged 5 3 2 Child 4 Boy Aged 3 4 0 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 3 2 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 4 1 Model being punished Child 1 Boy Aged 3 2 5 Child 2 Boy Aged 5 1 6 Child 3 Girl Aged 4 0 3 Child 4 Girl Aged 5 0 5 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 1 4 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 2 5 Title A study to investigate whether children learn from observing a model exhibiting aggressive behaviour to a Bobo doll Table of contents NEXT SHOULD COME YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS, WHICH INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS Abstract DO NOT WRITE UNTIL REPORT IS COMPLETE Induction Bandura was a behaviourist he believed that children’s behaviour could be shaped by operant conditioning or through classical conditioning. This would help to improve punishment, negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. Bandura also found that the original theory for this was called â€Å"clumsy† that would of meant that all behavioural problems that would have had to been shaped. If he did not do this he would not of been able to live as we do today now in our complex social societies. Bandura took one step further by testing on Bobo dolls for his experimenting to see how a child behaviour after their parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. This then showed him that the children were aggressive afterwards when their parents left the room and they were left to play with them. Condoning have also been used to help shape animals behaviour and this have also been related to us humans by training us how to say â€Å"thank you and please†. Reinforcem ent is how an adult has the power over a child and how a child is punished in good and bad ways. This helps the child when they are growing up to learn the difference between right and wrong. Aim The aim of this test is to find out do children copy their parents and are they modelled by them. For example, a Bobo doll was used in the test the children watched their patents hit the Bobo doll and become aggressive towards it, and once the children were left alone with the Bobo doll they done the same thing they started to hit the doll and they become aggressive towards the doll. Hypothesis I found the hypothesis was true after the children’s parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls and the children were watching them. Once the parents left the room and the children were left to play with the Bobo dolls the children become aggressive towards the dolls like their parents. None of the children were non aggressive towards the dolls. The null hypothesis has no significant difference between condition 1 which is the child who are being praised and condition 2 is where the child is being punished when they are acting aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. Method This was an observation experiment I watched videos and carry out charts to see how the children acted with the Bobo doll after their parents were aggressive with it first. Throughout the independent subject design there was parents and children. The parent was female and was hitting the Bobo doll first then the first child was a boy and the second child was a girl. The apparatus was the video of the parent and children who were aggressive towards the Bobo doll and I had to do a mark sheet (which is above) and write down the aggressive and non-aggressive acts. I also used a stop watch to observe the time used throughout the experiment. Result The results of my descripitive statics, are the graphs and the results of the statistical test that I carried out below: Inferential statistics/ treatment of result I used a parametic test over a non-parametic test because this test helped me to make assumptions about the parameters of population distribution from the charts that are shown on my results, whereas a non-parametic test is one that makes no such assumption. I compared two different groups of participants the one group was the children who was punished after becoming aggressive towards the Bobo doll and the other group was the children who was being praised. After the data I have collected I have decided that the result of treatment is nominal.