Defining Marriage

Defining Marriage Words are a part of everyday life. Without them people would have a very hard time conveying a message or showing their feelings to the people around them. Words also provide the groundwork on how we interpret what is expectable and what is not. Although only eight letters, the word marriage carries a lot of meaning for millions of people across the world. Depending on who ask, they might also have a definition of what they think marriage means. I myself define a marriage as a formal relationship between a man and a woman that last until death.The Merriam Webster dictionary on the other hand would define marriage as â€Å"the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband and wife in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. † On the other hand, thousands of men and women are set out to redefine marriage to also include same sex relationships as well. For myself and I’m sure millions of others across the world they do not think that a simple definition can confine someone from living in a regular recognized marriage like everyone else.How we define a particular word can have lasting effects and for the gay and lesbian community restricting them from the same basic rights that everyday couples take advantage of. In this exploratory essay I am dedicated to exploring the contested term â€Å"marriage† between the gay and lesbian community and many other people that have their own definition of marriage as well. Because the age we live in now, the commonly accepted definition of marriage between a man and a woman is keeping tens of thousands of same-sex couples by being federally recognized in a union.So what is marriage and why does it matter how people define it? I first started with Peter Pothan who wrote an article called â€Å"The Christian Concept of Marriage†. Pothan is a theological teacher and is currently the Assistant Director of the Distance Learning Department of Souther n Asia Bible College in Bangalore. He wastes no time clearly stating that he gets the definition of marriage from the bible. By referencing different parts of the Bible he is able to define what a Christian Marriage is and additional context as well. The first section that he references from the Bible is in Genesis 2:24.It states, â€Å"Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh. † By this Pathan concludes that a Marriage is between one man and one woman. Although he breaks the verse down into four parts, for this exploratory essay I want to focus the marriage portion on which I am better trying to understand. During Gods initial creation he only created one wife for Adam. Pothan uses this as a backbone that it is not only a relationship between a man and a woman, but it is also a monogamous relationship that must be maintained as well.Additionally, he uses biblical context to further go to say that marriage is only per manent as long as life last. Overall, Peter Pothan does not try to impose this Christian definition of marriage onto anyone, but merely uses evidence from the Bible to extract the definition of marriage. Several times during the article he consistently uses the Christian definition of marriage evoking that he is clearly not trying to impose a singular definition for the word. As a Christian myself I did find how he defined marriage very persuasive.He put very little opinion into interpreting what the Bible was saying and just tried to state the facts. I feel that most Christians would have a hard time disagreeing with what Pothan has to say. I also like he was not trying to impose the definition on anyone. Several times throughout the article he consistently use â€Å"Christian Marriage†. By this I felt that he clearly recognized that there is a dispute between what the definition of marriage truly is. On the other hand, I can also see one big hole is this definition. Althoug h the Bible is very widely used and accepted across the world not everyone is a Christian.Many of those who are not of the Christians faith can easily discredit this definition. Just like many words over time they can slowly evolve and continue to mean more things. It would only make sense to some that the definition of marriage would do the same as well. Many gays and lesbians would also clearly have a hard time accepting this as a definition of marriage. To them this would imply that they are not capable of leaving their mothers and fathers and cleaving to their partner. Overall, I am still very much caught in the crossfire of what marriage should or should not include.By going with the Christian definition of marriage I am essentially supporting the idea of taking away freedoms that many same-sex couple are not able to enjoy like regular couples. This I have a hard time accepting. My next article, â€Å"GOP’s Rob Portman announces support for same-sex marriage† by M atthew DeLuca is on the opposite end of the spectrum when it views the definition of marriage. Matthey Deluca, a writer for NBC News writes about Rob Portman’s view on marriage. The Ohio Senator Portman’s once hard stance that marriage is defined as a between a man and a women now has a change of views.At one point he even supported the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996, which limits marriage specifically to one man and one woman. In this article, the Ohio Senator states that â€Å"I have come to believe that if two people are prepared to make a lifetime commitment to love and care for each other in good times and in bad, the government shouldn’t deny them the opportunity to get married. † He describes his change of views based on his 21-year-old son. In a talk with his son in 2011, his son, Will, told his father that he was gay.Portman not only said that his change of heart was due to his son, but also his Christian faith. He says the message of love and c ompassion from the Bible is also what swayed him to change his mind on this particular issue. This article shows how the definition of marriage can be based on equal rights that many feel everyone should have. As a result, the definition of marriage would have to be extended. Looking at this article, I feel somewhat drawn into Senator Portman’s view of marriage and how the definition should evolve to reflect the culture of America.It is more than just about a definition, but a way to make everyone equal under the law. With the way marriage is right now that is not possible. Same-sex couples that want to take the next step to a recognized marriage are not given the same rights that others couples receive. Portman, a Christian like myself, did choose to take a different angle on how he looks at the Bible. That just goes to show that there are people that are Christians that also support same-sex marriages and essentially want to change the definition of marriage to reflect a gr eater assortment of couples wanted to seek a civil union.Although I do understand where Senator is coming from I can’t say I fully agree that you can just change the definition of a word because of personal experience that was experienced. My last source I chose was an article called â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage and Equality† by Reginald William. This scholarly source was published on December 21, 2010. Williams is an affiliate of Bakersfield College that contests the views that many have that same-sex marriage is not an equal rights issue. I came across this article using the University of Oklahoma online library.William talks about several individuals and their views in particular that same-sex marriage is a not an equality issue. He describes that many claim this because both heterosexuals and homosexuals are not allowed to get married to the same gender. They are on the other hand â€Å"both† allowed to marry someone of the opposite sex. Williams describes this i dea as a basis for many that say this is not an equality issue. William on the other hand disagrees and fully thinks this is still very much about the lack of equality and supports same-sex marriage.Throughout his article he goes into painstaking detail to support his claim. In short, he says although the same rights are available to everyone, the rights available are only truly for heterosexuals couples. Although his claim is somewhat hard to grasp, I feel he overall makes some very important points that support the fact that there is a lack a social equality for same-sex couples. The question that is of real concern though is should this constitute us to redefine the term marriage so that same-sex couples can get married and be federally recognized.I have definitely learned that the definition of marriage matters greatly to the people you ask and it is more than a word that is used in a sentence. It not only has a strong definition that lasted through time, but as of right now is keeping many same-sex couples from being able to be apart of a civil union recognized by our government. Reviewing all of these sources and really letting the point the writers have sink in has made me consider many thoughts that I have not considered before.Although I do strongly believe that the definition of marriage should not change, I do feel that the people affected by the definition of marriage, such as same-sex couples, should have the same rights as a regular marriage if they choose. To me this is not about definitions at all by equal rights. Although I am sure many same-sex couples would like to be included in the definition of marriage, what they really want is to have the same benefits in their relationship as a heterosexual couple does.Even though many states have already started this journey for same-sex couples they are still far from putting them on the same playing field as a traditional definition of marriage and the rights they receive at the federal level. Work Cited Williams, Reginald. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage and Equality. † Ethical Theory and Moral Practice14. 5 (2011): 589-95. Web. DeLuca, Matthew. â€Å"GOP's Rob Portman Announces Support for Same-sex Marriage. † NBCNews. N. p. , 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Pothan, Peters S. â€Å"The Christian Concept of Marriage. † 2miles. org. N. p. , Sept. 2009. Web. 21Mar. 2013.

Frankenstein Comparative Paper Essay

Compare the Frankenstein novel with Kenneth Branagh’s film version. Which is the better example of a gothic text? Gothic texts enable audiences to be immersed in a world of the supernatural involving horror and romance. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, and the film adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh, are both texts that portray the gothic genre. The film may share the same gothic elements as in the novel; however the novel allows the reader to use their own imagination, thus bringing to life this genre. Through the comparison of supernatural events, heightened emotions and the atmosphere of mystery and suspense in both literary mediums of Frankenstein, the differences and similarities will be compared to find the better example of a gothic text. Most gothic texts have a series of supernatural events that help the progression of the story, yet Frankenstein has only one. This event being the creation of the monster sets the entire story in motion. When comparing the novel and film adaptation, the monster was somewhat made in the same way. Various deceased body parts were sewed together to form the shape of a man, and then the use of an electric element brought the monster to life. However, in the novel the monster’s birth was more archaic compared to the seemingly humorous, clumsy behaviour of the monster’s birth in the film as Victor Frankenstein helped it to its feet. When the monster was ‘born’ the emotions and senses were much more detailed in the novel, since it almost portrayed the monster as being a child that explored and discovered such things as clothes and fire: â€Å"I found a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars, and was overcome with delight at the warmth I experienced from it. In my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. How strange, I thought, that the same cause should produce such opposite effects!† Monster (p.123) When this is compared with the film adaptation, once the monster was ‘born’ somehow it already knew what clothes were used for and how to construct makeshift shoes out of cloth. When any child is born the most natural and childlike thing to do is explore your surroundings. The novel Frankenstein, allows the reader to understand the childlike nature of the monster thus building up emotions, which the film did not allow as it took away the childlike innocence when the monster was created. Heightened emotions are a gothic feature Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein portrays clearer than the film adaptation. This is evident when the monster and Frankenstein were conversing in an ice cave. In this scene the tensions were very high between them. The way Shelley portrayed these emotions was by the use of eloquent wording. In the novel, the monster was well spoken when addressing Frankenstein about his experiences of life, and also quite intelligent. When compared to the film, in which the monster stuttered sounds, was not clear at all with many emotions being lost though clumsy wording, thereby portraying him as unintelligent. The build-up of emotions such as rage, disgust, sadness and refusal expressed by Victor in the ice cave when asked to create another like the monster had greater impact in the novel: â€Å"Shall I create another like yourself, whose joint wickedness might desolate the world? Begone! I have answered you; you may torture me, but I will never consent.† Victor (p.176) In the film, Victor simply agreed without the degree of emotions expressed in the novel. With the use of Shelley’s eloquent wording in the novel, heightened emotions are seen clearly compared to the film adaptation in which heightened emotions are rarely seen, thus not supporting a gothic text. Shelley used a very gothic and gloomy atmosphere throughout the novel to put an emphasis on the horror that comes when men try to play God. As a novel can only use the reader’s imagination and descriptive wording by an author’s command of literary skills, a film adaptation of a novel has what may seem to be an advantage in being able to portray a mysterious and suspenseful atmosphere through effective use music, lighting and visual elements to create a gothic atmosphere, something that is not necessarily available in a novel. Yet a novel can create music, lighting and visual elements through the effective use of words. One technique in which the film proved better than the novel was pathetic fallacy; when the atmosphere changed with the mood of the character. An example of this was when the scenes changed from Geneva to Ingolstadt. In Geneva a sunny, happy and vibrant atmosphere was seen through Victor’s relationship with his family and beloved, Elizabeth. With the film also being able to use the effect of a symphony orchestra, it really brought this atmosphere of happiness together. In Ingolstadt the atmosphere was dark and gloomy, and with the effect of the symphony orchestra it was obvious that Ingolstadt was a place where Victor would encounter horrible misfortunes. Compared to the film, the novel was at a disadvantage by not having the ability to engage other senses besides the use of imagination. However, the descriptive wording Shelley used was sufficient enough to build a full picture of Victor’s misfortunes: â€Å"As I still pursued my journey to the northward, the snows thickened and the cold increased in a degree almost too severe to support.† Victor (p.257) In the quote, Victor tracks down the monster in the Arctic; Shelley uses this desolate location to show the isolation of Victor and the monster creating a gothic atmosphere. Even though the film version had the ability to use music and visual elements to create a fuller atmosphere of mystery and suspense, the novel’s descriptive wording proves greater. The film adaptation may share the same gothic elements as in the novel; however the novel lets the reader use their own imagination thus bringing to life this genre. The novel allowed the reader to understand the childlike nature of the monster through the supernatural event, which the film did not. The use of Shelley’s powerful wording expressed heightened emotions better than what was evident in the film adaptation. Even though the film had an advantage in creating an atmosphere of mystery and suspense through the use of creative cinematography, Shelley’s descriptive wording was sufficient enough to create a far better gothic atmosphere, thus being the better example of a gothic text.

Does the european union need a constitution Essay

Does the european union need a constitution - Essay Example However, the bigger picture is, will it be integrative of them as one whole body A constitution must serve the best interests not just one or a few member states. Devanny (2004) says the debate about whether the EU should adopt a constitution has been protracted and controversial. It is both a practical debate (Does the EU need a constitution) and a more abstract debate (Is the EU the kind of entity/organisation that should adopt a constitution). According to Murkens (2002), the European Union leaders at the Laeken summit in December 2001 had agreed to a constitutional convention headed by the former French President Valry Giscard D'Estaing to craft an EU constitution. And yet, the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the German Federal Constitutional Court, and academic commentators say the founding treaties already form a constitution. From Murkens (2002) - "In its famous decision in Van Gend en Loos in 1963 the ECJ held that the Treaty of Rome had created a Community not only of governments but of peoples, and that the Member States had agreed to limit their sovereign rights in certain fields. A year later the ECJ established the doctrine of supremacy of Community law in Costa v. ENEL which was basically accepted by national constitutional courts. These decisions heralded the 'creeping constitutionalisation' of Community law. The novelty of the ECJ's approach was that it did not try to squeeze the Treaty into the constitutional mould of the Verfassungsstaat. More important than the 'formal constitution' was the interpretation of the Treaty by the ECJ as the 'material constitution' (Petersmann 1991: 28), whose basic tenets include the doctrines of direct effect, supremacy, and implied powers, as well as respect for human rights." The arguments for and against an EU constitution rest on complicated issues of law, sovereignty, political philosophy and the efficiency and effectiveness of the EU's institutions and procedures (Murkens 2002). At the June 2004 European Council meeting, governments of the 25 EU member states signed a constitutional treaty for the European Union (Closa 2004). Intended to include voices not usually heard in the European integration process, this treaty was drafted by a "Convention on the Future of Europe." From there, member state governments negotiated on the draft that eventually produced a treaty (Ibid). But the process is far from over. It has just entered its final and perhaps most difficult phase. According to Closa (2004), the text must be ratified unanimously by the member states, each according to its own national process, but there are uncertainties that may spell disaster for the future of European integration (Ibid). II. From treaties to Constitution A timeline (History, Wikipedia 2005) shows the development of seven treaties into EU constitution from 1952 to 2003 to include - 1952: Treaty of Paris, 1958: Treaties of Rome, 1967: Merger Treaty, 1987: Single European Act, 1993: Treaty of Maastricht, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam, and 2003: Treaty of Nice. The European Constitution is being hoped to be enacted in the soonest future. The three pillars are: 1) the European Communities (the European Coal and Steel Community or ECSC which came about in 1952; the European Community or EC which came around in 1958; the European Atomic

Strategic Management in Computers and Internet Essay

Strategic Management in Computers and Internet - Essay Example This will be one of the main factors when considering the buyer's (consumer's) segment of Porter's Five Forces Analysis. Then it will consider the new substitutes in the market, i.e. the no frills budget airlines, such as EASYJET and RYAN AIR as opposed to traditional competitors, such as British Midland. The above diagram succinctly explains the five forces that effect the position of a company within a competitive liberal market. These forces are the competitive rivalry within the industry, i.e. whether it is a monopoly or oligarchy, i.e. how easy it is for new individuals to enter the industry. In respect to airlines the ease to enter the market is limited because there are large setup costs; as well as the strict regulations since the events surrounding September 11th 2001. However, in recent years there have been budget airlines that have been entering the market, with the financial backing of large companies or tycoons. A prime example is Easy Jet. The bargaining power of customers is increasing with the entrance of budget airlines, whereby pricing is very competitive; especially with the rising fear of terrorist attacks. In fact, in many cases the pricing is dictated by the general consumer's expectations; however this causes problems to locations which are not the destination of the mass public. In respect to substitutes to airlines, this is limited in respect to long haul trips but much more diverse in respect to national and continental travels. Therefore not only does BA have to compete with budget airlines on short haul trips, but also with road, rail and sea travel. In order to compete with these obstacles BA.COM has initiated a very old, but winning approach which is customer service; however the main difference is that one can also have the efficiency and hassle free approach of online booking. The following report will focus on how introducing the first class customer service approach will create a stronger company internally and therefore making the choice of UK air travellers. In dealing with these issues of reputation, customer, staff and shareholder retention and satisfaction some serious queries have to be considered in respect to the regulatory regime of the Terrorism and Security requirements in each of its trading countries. As a company that engages in international travel, especially air travel, it is governed by strict requirements, guidelines and laws that need to be followed. This report will investigate the problems that may occur if BA.COM did not have an effective set of organizational behaviors in respect to the treatment and protection of staff, customers and shareholders; as well as the reputation of the company. The most important factor to remember is a happy staff means improved customer service and therefore the choice of customers.2 This falls in line with new EU Regulations concerning the position of the consumer. There are three key areas where problems are easily identifiable for the organization which are; the lack of proper organization with respect to operations; customer satisfaction; and staff morale. The first question that has to be dealt with is whether the bad market name is a direct result of the new policy or lack of organization in the customer service side. It would seem that the lack of any viable customer service will have a major negative impact on the

Security audit assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security audit - Assignment Example safeguards protect the confidentiality of information through enacting various policy regulations that must be followed by the organizational employees. First, the disposal policy provides that the records consisting of confidential information related to patients or any other stakeholder to the health institution should be disposed off immediately and in accordance with the information security procedures outlined. The information disposal procedures provides that; once the confidential information that has been dispensed with, the user should dispose the information through shredding the papers if the record was in print, or formatting the hard disc for computerized information. Disaster recovery has also been taken care of in the health institution. All important information are backed up in the back-up disks and stored in a lock-and-key safe, accessible only to the It manager of the hospital. Risk Management process is adequately implemented by the health institution. The risk management measure that is offered by the organization is the restriction on the information that should be posted online both regarding the employees or the clients to the health institution. Thus, the information security regulations have prohibited posting online information related to the social security number, driving license number, credit or debit card number, medical status, religious or sexual orientation information related to anyone. Facility security is adequately catered for in the health institution. The staff gate has a technology system that identifies the staff through their badges, and only then will the door open to allow entry or exit. On the main gate used by the public, physical security measures include personal identification through the personal ID, which is registered at the entry. The organizational regulation provides that employees are liable for disciplinary action, if they are involved in any breach of the policies and procedure guiding the protection of

Personal development and careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development and careers - Essay Example The last part focuses on barriers to communication and strategies that can be implemented to overcome them. 1. â€Å"Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour,† (Hucznski & Buchanan, 2010). It can be noted that organisations operate in a dynamic environment which is ever changing hence learning in an organisation is a very important strategy that ought to be implemented in order to overcome the challenges that are often brought about by change. Against this background, this essay seeks to explain this assertion in relation to learning theories. The paper will also outline different elements of learning and how they impact on individuals as well as the organisation as a whole. Basically, the concept of learning was popularized by Peter Senge (1990) who described it as, â€Å"the process whereby people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people continually learn how to learn together through the exchange of ideas,† (Robbins, 2003). ... The ability of the organisation to grow mainly depends on the ability of the employees to generate new ideas which can be developed into feasible strategies that can be implemented in the operations of the organisation. There are mainly two theories of learning namely the behavioural and cognitive theories. Behavioural theory suggests that human behaviour in relation to learning can be explained in terms of external stimuli, responses, learned histories and reinforcement which mean that all human behaviour could therefore be understood in terms of cause and effect (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2008). On the other hand, cognitive theory posits to the effect that learning is influenced by mental structures. According to Vygotsky (1978), aspects such as problem solving are influenced by an integration of personal traits such as motivation, cognitive strategies as well as the learner’s ambition to acquire new knowledge in a related subject. In most cases, an individual person is awa re of the reason why he or she is learning hence there is need to positively influence this process for a positive result. Both theories are applicable to learning especially in organisations where it can be noted that people learn through socialisation whereby they interact with their workmates in a bid to exchange ideas and knowledge which is the foundation of learning. There is a close relationship between these two concepts given that they emphasise on the need to transform the organisation for positive growth through changing the behaviour of the employees through the knowledge they will gain from the learning process. The learner will be exposed to a system that will

Analysis paper (speech) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis paper (speech) - Essay Example The main challenge that I still face is in credibility and ethics concerned. In presentation of the purpose and the topic is an important element in ensuring that the audience connected with it. This is a major and most important in determining communication success. It includes elements of keeping the message clear, good preparation, keeping the message simple, natural concise and being vivid while presenting the topic (Pearson). It is evident from the speech about public policy that there is a good introduction of the topic. It begins with an attention getter. This attracts the attention of the audience, this shows how prepared you are. The introductory statement begins by what the speech is all about i.e. the need for public policy in governance. The speech on how to prepare for a job search begins by outlining the purpose of the speech. The introduction of the thesis also shows the level of the subject understood and the need to accomplish the objective. Thesis gives an outline of what is required and provides the roadmap for the presentation (Pearson). Pearson argues that the presentation of logistics and occasion is a major determination speech presentation. Logistics aims at convincing the audience on the importance and practicability of a topic. A convincing speech is not just easy to develop but requires numerous practices and testing before the actual presentation. The structure of any speech should define and cohere with the purpose and the targeted audience. Such determinations are usually instrumental in identifying the appropriate language and expression to employ in the process (Pearson). The logistic in the speech presented in a manner that they match the occasion. In the job seeking, speech it is quoted that one should ‘identify goals, values, achievements, experiences, interest, and skills’. This statement gives the relevance and the logistics of the speech. It summarises the main points that are important while

Essay on Contemporary Comparison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Contemporary Comparison - Essay Example The onset of Islam as a religion led to many getting and understanding its vision of establishing itself as a formidable spiritual ground alongside other religions. This began with the creation of Islamic based civilization in the Middle East, the Persian states and later in the Turkish states. The 13th century saw the joining of Africa and Asia as major forces of Islamic traditions. Unlike many other religions, Islam came up and provided a neutral ground for its followers. It did not discriminate in terms of race or color. This led to the creation of a strong, unshakable and one minded group of followers. It also gave all its believers the chance to further their knowledge in any field whatsoever just as long as this knowledge did not in any way interfere with the spiritual standpoint of Islam. It also allowed for those not incorporated into the Islamic religion to participate in any intellectual exercise so long as it benefited the whole community. Those who embraced Islam had a ch ance to further their civilization after the rise of Islam. Such groups such as the Persians who were advanced in their ways of living and trade advanced further after they embraced Islam. After the death of its founder Prophet Mohammed, Abu Bakr became the first caliph. He was the leader of Islamic religion for two years then Umar took over. Umar enabled Islamic religion to capture more grounds and get more followers in the east as well as the west therefore bringing the Persian region, Egypt and Syria under its fold. He advocated for the other religions as well. This was evident when he led the march of Muslim followers into Jerusalem to demand the security of Christian strongholds. He also saw the creation of a financial set up to cater of Muslims finances. Afterwards Uthman took over leadership and is highly credited to have made copies of the Holy Quran and distributed them across the world where Muslims were. During the Umayyad caliphate the capital of Islam was in Damascus bu t this was moved to Baghdad by the Abbasids. This saw the transformation of Baghdad into a strong political stronghold of the entire world. The Abbasids were in a leadership position for a little over 500 years whereby afterwards they began loosing the sense of authority they wielded thus remaining with only symbolic influence. The sultans wielded the military authority. During the reign of Abbasids several empires came into existence for instance the Fatimid’s and the Mamluks who had vast authority in Egypt and the Palestine. This reign saw the many crusades that the Pope advocated for and that got vast support from leaders in Europe. The Pope’s greatest motivation for such crusades was majorly to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem that had transformed from a Christianity stronghold to an Islamic stronghold. This was possible in the beginning and some parts that had shifted to Islam were transformed to Christianity such as some regions in Syria, although this did not last under the reign of the decorated Muslim ruler Saladin who reclaimed these regions and saw to the downfall of the crusaders. During the time when the Abbasids came to power, one prince who belonged to the former leadership of Umayyad made a get away and went to Spain where he established Umayyad leadership. This became the onset of Islam in Spain for the next two centuries until the downfall of t

Possible Future Strategies for Research in Motion Essay

Possible Future Strategies for Research in Motion - Essay Example The major competitors of RIM in the segment of mobile operating system platforms comprise of Nokia Corporation (Symbian), Apple Inc (iOS), Microsoft Corporation (Windows Phone), HTC Corporation, Google Inc (Android) and Motorola (Research in Motion (a), 2012,p.9). This is a highly competitive market and in recent years RIM has experienced a progressively declining market share that has led the organization to a current crisis situation. Currently, the organization is tasked with making large-scale strategic changes or even potentially prepare for sale or takeover (De la Merced 2012). In terms of recent developments, the next generation systems (4G) like HSPA+, WiMax and LTE were commercially introduced for the first time in 2011 (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10).. The wireless communication industry is also observing the union of computing with personal entertainment competences on wireless communications gadgets throughout the world. In the present day market, almost all the Blac kBerry Smartphones include multimedia facilities that consist of music, playback, video recording, camera, and entrà ©e to content, games and other applications (Research in Motion (a), 2012, p.10). Increasingly, however, tablet technology has come to dominate the wireless market. The tablet, as originally released through Apple’s iPad, operates as a medium between handheld Smartphone’s and the larger-scale laptop. PEST is an ellipsis for political, economic, social, and technological analysis. The political issues in the analysis generally comprise of government policies pertaining to the industry, tax regulations, laws and policies, trade limitations and duties among others (Wheelen et al, 2008, p. 58). In comparison to other industrialised countries, the United States has the maximum corporate tax rate. The tax rates pertaining in the developing countries are much lower than that of the US, where RIM predominantly operates. A deduction in the tax rate would have en abled the management of RIM to have more cash to pay out dividends or reinvest.  

Management (individual influence on the organization) Essay

Management (individual influence on the organization) - Essay Example For instance, while developing plans, the roles of individuals along with their leadership styles also their decisions, will deeply control how they plan their tactics for the future. In specific the behavioral and the cognitive styles of leadership have deeply affected the organizations of today. With reference to some of the experts in the field, an independent leadership style gives in positive energy to the triumph of a corporation whilst a dramatic imagination, the tendency to believe in provisions of metaphors rather than expressions, as a rule generates a better level of leadership decisions. There are a lot of instances of where the disparity amid triumph and collapse of a business entity has been unswervingly accredited to the leadership style of its higher management. Complete organizational tasks bring about a limitless level of patience for dissatisfaction mainly as leaders set a soaring accent on the outcomes. Nevertheless, the efficient leader recognizes that realizing these outcomes impose joint efforts for which the leader ought to be people orientated. So, the value of leadership styles towards the success of a corporation cannot be modest. Thriving leaders have to be efficient altering agents. They have to be able to come to terms with the varying outlook of their elements.

Osmosis Triple Science Essay Example for Free

Osmosis Triple Science Essay Introduction In this investigation I am investigating if varying the amount of sugar solution or distilled water determines the concentration of cell sap. I will do this by using different concentrations of sugar solution and distilled water. If the medium is hypotonic — a dilute solution, with a higher water concentration than the cell — the cell will gain water through osmosis. However if the medium is isotonic —a solution with exactly the same water concentration as the cell — there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. If the medium is hypertonic — a concentrated solution, with a lower water concentration than the cell — the cell will lose water by osmosis. Investigation variables To have a controlled reliable investigation I will control the following variables: To try my best to do the experiments at the same room temperature. I will prepare the carrots in the same way because any minor changes can ruin the experiment. The mass of the carrots is a dependent variable and this terminology means that the piece of carrot will be measured constantly throughout the experiment. I will measure in grams, in addition the piece of carrot will be measured before and after it is put into the solution, this will allow us to see if any osmosis has taken place. Fourthly the volume of the solution which the carrot pieces are put in must be same for all of them for example all of them should be covered in what is supposed to be covered in. Also I am going to use the same set of scales to measure the carrot pieces in the solution. This is because measurements may vary between the scales. I did this in a lab so everything was under control to make my results very reliable. My hypothesis I predict that the less sugar solution we use the higher the concentration of the cell sap would be. Plan First I will take some xylem cells from inside of the carrot and some phloem from the outside of the carrot I will take 15 samples of each type of cell from each carrot I will put 3 samples in each solution I would then leave it for 1 hour Then I would reweigh its mass Then plot these results onto a graph And then where the line crosses 0 is the concentration of the cytoplasm Conclusion As I conclude I can say that in my investigation I found out that the more sugar solution you cover in the carrot piece the higher the concentration of cell sap would be and there would be more osmosis activity. However what does mystify me is what you can see above, the two outliers because they don not surprisingly fit with the others but I am sure that if we do this investigation again there would be two outliers or less.

The Color Purple Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Essay Alice Walker’s epistolary novel The Color Purple demonstrates how the mistreatment of a woman cannot prevent her from fulfilling her destiny. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Celie, is a young, uneducated black girl who is verbally and sexually abused by her supposed father, Alphonso. He fathers two children with her, kidnapping both and presumably killing one, if not both. Because of the unwarranted trauma, she struggles for the rest of her life to recover from his abuse and establish her own power. Celie has a much smarter and prettier younger sister Nettie, whom she loves, and of whom she is very protective. Celie saves Nettie from marriage to a suitor referred to only as Mr. when their father forces her to marry him instead. Celie’s stepson Harpo, weds a strong-minded woman, Sofia, who is the complete opposite of Celie. Sofia’s refusal to be abused by anyone, man or woman sparks a curiosity that makes Celie take a closer look at herself. The catalyst of the story is Mr. ’s lover, Shug Avery. Although Celie realizes Shug is her husband’s lover, she does not resent Shug; in fact, Shug becomes Celie’s best friend, lover and even mentor. These influential women, each trying to find their own happiness, fighting their own personal demons, tremendously impact Celie’s life. The women help to educate Celie, whose natural intelligence and talents have been stunted by years of constant humiliation and abuse by her father and husband. It is through each character’s definition of life and struggle within The Color Purple that Alice Walker is able to tell the story of victorious transformation. Walker’s narrative symbolically illustrates a woman’s psychological journey rising from the mentality of an abused victim of poverty to become a strong, independent and confident woman who establishes her own place within her society. The sexual abuse Celie endures at a very early age leaves her powerless with nowhere to turn. Alphonso’s (Pa) sexual abuse is taken a step further when he gives Celie’s two children away to a family. Celie’s ignorance, due to her age and poor education, prevents her from understanding why the children were taken from her, but she does not believe they are dead. Alphonso entices Mr. , a widower with four children, to take Celie instead of Nettie, so he will not have to care for her anymore, by throwing in a cow with the deal. Walid El Hamamsy characterizes the combination package of Celie and the cow as further â€Å"patriarchal oppression† and a way to continue to â€Å"dehumanize† her. Her brutality is continued in her loveless marriage to Mr. , who beats and uses her for sexual convenience. One way to endure the torture is to tell herself â€Å"Celie, you a tree† (23). The other way she is able to tolerate her plight of isolation and despair is through writing letters to God. The letters affords her a voice which otherwise she does not have. Celie’s relationship with her sister Nettie goes beyond just a sisterly bond. Nettie turns out to be the first person to show Celie true unconditional love. With Celie’s children being taken away from her, Nettie fills her void of motherly obligation. Celie wants to guarantee Nettie’s well-being and puts Nettie first for everything. Celie’s view of Nettie as someone filled with potential is in direct contradiction to how Celie sees herself; however, it never stops Nettie from trying to teach Celie so she can open her mind to what is going on in the world around her. When Celie’s husband tells her Nettie has to leave, it is like a ton of bricks lands on Celie. Nettie is the only person from whom Celie ever felt love. When Nettie leaves, she encourages Celie â€Å"to fight,† but Celie is so broken she says she only knows how to â€Å"stay alive† (18). Celie’s mental state is still that of an abused victim: she is encapsulated in a world of deep despair, but Nettie has planted a seed that will grow and eventually take her to a place of confidence. Alice Walker introduces Sofia, a bold, headstrong woman that illustrates assertiveness and self-dignity. Mr. ’s son, Harpo, marries Sofia because he loves her, but later tries to make her succumb to him through brutal force. Harpo has grown up seeing his father physically abuse Celie in order to get his way and when he asks Celie what he should do to get his headstrong wife to submit to him, Celie tells him he should beat her. Celie sees little or no value in herself. She survives victimization by accepting that fighting back will only cause more harm than good. Anyone can do or say anything they want to Celie since she has accepted her place and submits to the violence. With telling Harpo to beat his wife, Celie is once again showing her abused mentality: she truly believes that physical oppression by husbands is normal. Critic Stacie Lynn Hankinson contends Celie portrays â€Å"a survival-of-the-fittest perspective, which pitted her against, rather than aligning her with, other women. † After Sofia learns of the betrayal of Celie, she boldly confronts her only to figure out Celie is actually on her side. Sofia tells Celie â€Å"All my life I had to fight† (40). Sofia embodies something that would not allow her to be a victim, no matter who she has to fight. Celie professes her jealousy of Sofia because she unfortunately did not have the strength to fight and was continuously a victim. Sofia offers something to Celie she never had before; moral support. Sofia’s constant retaliation against Harpo assists Celie to understand that rebellion, fighting, is a way to escape victimization. Celie’s lack of confidence resides in her fear of not being loved. When Shug Avery, a Blues singer and her husband’s lover, enters Celie’s life, Celie become conscious of an intimate, trusting love, which empowers Celie to assert herself. Shug enables Celie to freely express herself and talk about all the unfortunate things that have happened to her over the years. Shug also helps Celie find her voice and change how she views herself. After Shug tells Celie â€Å"you still a virgin† Celie starts to look at herself less as a victim and gradually lessens her acceptance of ill treatment and stands up for herself (78). Shug shows Celie how having a powerful voice can be pivotal in changing their life. Walker uses the relationship between Shug and Celie as a way to emphasize consistency and a strong bond. Shug is not only Celie’s confidant but there is a role reversal and Celie becomes Shug’s confidant. Their conversations bring up points not only do they think about, but the reader might as well. â€Å"I think it pisses God off if you walk by the color purple in a field somewhere and don’t notice it† (197). After her conversations with Shug Celie realizes she must strip her mind of the impression of God that her male-dominated society has placed on her and replace it with a holistic one. Celie’s recognition of God as a Creator allows her to establish a place in her society and finally love herself, just as she is. Marc A. Cristophe agrees as he writes in his essay The Color Purple: An Existential Novel, â€Å"she has rejoined the community of men and women; she has found herself, her own place †¦and is able to marvel at the creation, at life itself. †

Chinese Room Argument

Chinese Room Argument Searles Chinese Room argumentfails because the room proves nothing Abstract Searle argues that without understanding, computers can never really have mental states. Searles argument that computers can never have understanding depends onhow he portrays the Chinese room. If we pick apart the rooms imitation process, we find that there is a computer-simulation defect and as a result the room would never pass the Turing test. We could of course let the man fix the defect. He would need to remember and change what he does as a result of what he experiences and this, I claim, is precisely what it needs to achieve intentionality. Intentionality, as Searle states, is what distinguishes mental states from physical ones. Given that there is intentionality in the room, it then becomes clear that understanding appears. Searle may counter-claim that the room itself can fix its own defects; but as the room has no semantic understanding and only syntactic translation, we can infer that the room mustve anticipated every question with a predetermined instruction. If a finite room has the capacity to predict every possible question in the universe as well as know the events of the future, then the room is ineffable. If there is understanding, or the room is simply ineffable, then the room proves nothing and Searles argument fails. Essay Searles famous Chinese Room Argument has been the target of great interest and debate in the philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence and cognitive science since its introduction in Searles 1980 article ‘Minds, Brains and Programs. It is no overstatement to assert that the article has been the centre of attention for philosophers and computer scientists for quite some time. Preston and Bishop (2002) is a perfect example of exclusivity into the ongoing debate regarding the Chinese Room, because the significance and importance of the Chinese Room is meant to be obvious. The Chinese Room is supposed to scuttle the thought of strong AI: which implies that computers have mental states. The Chinese Room arises out of the following, now familiar, story: Searle asks us to imagine that a man is seated in a sealed room with 2 doors: one allowing input from one source outside the room (in the form of a slot) and one allowing output to the source outside the room (also in the form of a slot). The input from the outside source are Chinese squiggles that have been printed on card, but to the man in the room they are nothing more than incomprehensible gibberish(since he does not know the first thing about Chinese). The man is told that upon receiving the input squiggles, he must open a heavily-indexed reference book, wherein he must scrupulously track down the squiggle he received and find the matching squiggle of another sort. Once the man finds the matching squiggle, he must record it on an output piece of card and send it back through the output doors slot. Unknowingly the man has just performed some sort of translation that is altogether opaque to his understanding. To the outside source, the Chinese room as a whole, is a sort of system and is being treated as a subject of a Turing test. The interested parties of the outside source are typing in questions in Chinese and receiving answers in Chinese. If the Chinese room is of good quality, then it should be possible to convince the interested parties that the room, or something inside it, is intelligent, thus suggested that the room, or something inside it, could pass the Turing. Searle suggests that this is an error, as the man in the room does not have any conscious states that exhibit and sort of understanding of the questions that he receives. To him it is all just squiggles. It seems, therefore, that the Turing test is not a reliable way of ascertaining true thought, and moreover that any machine exhibiting such a formal architecture, no matter how complex, could never be called intelligent in the way that we mean. Certainly it might simulate intelligence impressively, but Searle suggests th at this is precisely the problem, since it means only that we have an automata that is extremely good at fooling our test. Therefore, the Chinese Room argument appears to contain the following argument: 1. The room occupant knows no Chinese. 2. The room occupant knows English. 3. The room occupant is given sets of written strings of Chinese, {Ci, Cj,†¦, Cn} 4. The room occupant is given formal instructions in English that correlate pairs of sets of Chinese strings, hCi, Cji. 5. The room occupant is given formal instructions in English to output some particular Ci given a particular Cj. 6. The room occupants skill at syntactically manipulating the strings of Chinese is behaviourally indistinguishable from that of a fully competent speaker of Chinese. 7. If 1-6 are jointly possible, then syntax is not sufficient for mental content. 8. 1-6 are jointly possible. 9. Therefore, syntax is not sufficient for mental content. Searles contention is that no matter what may happen, the man in the room will never understand any of the Chinese. Searle takes this to broadly mean that formal architectures, such as our great look-up book, can never produce understanding, because real thought requires semantics—meaning—whereas the book gives us only syntax, or relation. Unfortunately, what the Chinese Room argument really implies about mental states and strong AI has always been a matter of great controversy. Much of the controversy and debate today comes from how Searle is challenged. The two most obvious ways to challenge Searle can be understood to be versions of what is known as the systems reply to the Chinese Room argument. The first is to challenge premise (8) of Searles argument by asserting that (1-6) are inconsistent due to premise (1) being incorrect -concluding that, in some sense, the man in the room actually knows Chinese in some important sense when we carefully consider all the details of Searles argument. The second is to challenge premise (7) of Searles argument by asserting that (1-6) are consistent but that the room understands Chinese even if the occupant does not. Searle intelligently built the Chinese Room so that those who try to pick-apart his argument with a systems response get tangled up in a web of truth in regard to strong AI or more specifically, what is understanding. A systems response simply asserts that the man in the room knows Chinese because the mans formal manipulations, or the operations of the man and the room as a whole, are structurally identical to a native Chinese speakers formal manipulations. Searles counter-argument is that if the man memorized the program, then the program has become part of the man—but for the program, which understands Chinese, the man is still simply providing the hardware on which it runs. One might attempt to apply a subtle version of the system, commonly called a virtual mind reply. Yet virtual mind replies, like system replies, do not prove that strong AI is true either: they provide no evidence that the system (or the virtual mind) understands Chinese, other than the hypothetical premise that it passes the Turing Test. Searles argument remains, for neither the systems or virtual minds succeed at challenging Searles argument. That is because both replies have tried to find understanding in the room. Thats a mistake, its playing into Searles hands, as understanding simply isnt there. Understanding is not missing because computers cant have it. Its missing because the claim that Searles claim that the Chinese room can simulate what computers can do is false. The rooms computer-imitation is so flawed that the claim that the Chinese room can produce the appearance of understanding Chinese is also false. We can easily show that there is a defect in the room when we pick apart the computer-imitation (or the rooms process), with a conversation that might take place: Dominic: Hello there. Before we begin our conversation, Id just like to point out that from here on in Im going to use the word ‘hot to mean good looking. Chinese Room: No problem, I speak slang now and then too. Dominic: I heard your cars cooling system was overheating. Did you think that your cars engine was getting too hot? Chinese Room: No the temperature was fine. Dominic: Talking about cars, did you see the yellow Ferrari parked outside your house yesterday! Dont you think Ferraris are hot cars? Chinese Room: Yes, Ferraris are commonly hot due to their high-performance engine components. The reason the room cant handle this sort of thing is that it cannot write anything that the man in the room can read. According to Searle, it can only write Chinese characters which Searle cannot read. Which is why it cannot remember things like the â€Å"hot† car. If we gave the room the right machinery so that the man in the room has the ability to change the script (similarly compared to a computer changing its own program), then the man would, essentially, be changing the rooms behaviour in response to events. Admittedly, giving the room the right machinery so the man could do this is more complicated than having a giant heavily-indexed book do all the processing, but it would remove the computer-simulation defect. Furthermore, it certainly would make intentionality possible. And it is intentionality that, according to Searle (1980) and Brentano (1874/1973), distinguishes mental states from physical ones. And, if the room had the machinery, or the fundamentals, to produc e intentionality, then the room could be made to understand. According to Searle (1980), intentionality exists in internal states if they are â€Å"directed at or about objects and states of affairs in the world†. This means, to me, that internal states can change appropriately when they are â€Å"directed at† changes. For example, if I always thought that the Chinese room was painted â€Å"green† and I found out that the room was actually painted â€Å"white†, then the Chinese rooms would think that my intentionality is lacking because my â€Å"thoughts of the room† change upon learning of a colour change. Yet, the rooms â€Å"thoughts about me† also lack intentionality because they cannot change when I tell the room that Im temporarily using â€Å"hot† differently. There are other mental states that have intentionality for similar reasons. For example, what gives my belief that â€Å"All elephants are grey† intentionality is that, after I see a few black elephants, my belief can change appropriately, to maybe â€Å"All elephants are grey or black†. Yet not all changes produced by experience are sufficiently complex or flexible enough to count toward intentionality. parent knows. http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/chineseroom/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/

Belize Guatamala territory dispute :: essays research papers

British lumberjacks set up settlements in the eventual Belize. The Spanish granted them the territory. When war broke out in Europe there was an attack which was repulsed. Over the next 20 years the British had grown into the assigned area and some unsettled areas of South America establishing the now existing Belize. The Spanish never had any rule over the territory. Up to 1859 the British continued to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over the settlement, further establishing administrative control and implementing a comprehensive legal and legislative system. In 1859 a treaty officially established the boundaries of Belize. In 1940 Guatemala declared the Treaty to be void, alleging failure to implement article 7 (That the British build a road which they never did) A new Guatemalan Constitution in 1945 declared Belize to be Guatemalan territory Belizean culture and nationality developed throughout the 19th century (and the British became the minority). Self-government was achieved in 1964, but full independence was delayed until 1981 only because of the Guatemalan claim to the territory. Guatemala changed its argument in 1999. it rested its case on the 18th century Treaties between Britain and Spain covering the area between the Hondo and the Sibun Rivers. Guatemala claimed that the area between the Sibun River and the Sarstoon River was 'illegally' occupied by Britain, and argued that the area south of Sibun up to the Sarstoon River must be "returned" to Guatemala together with all the cayes which were not included in those Treaties. The area thus claimed by Guatemala amounts to over 12,000 square kilometres, which is more than half of Belize's territory. The British occupied this territory when it was uninhabited and unsettled. Belize rests its case on two firm pillars: the right of a people to self- determination and the fact that Guatemala's claim is legally untenable. Negotiations began between Britain and Guatemala and Belize. In 1975 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution affirming Belize's right to secure independence with all its territory and declared that any proposals emerging from negotiations between Britain and Guatemala must respect this right In 1980, the UN resolution declared that Belize should become independent by the following year. The entire global community supported this decision the territory was perfected through the process of acquisitive prescription, which is a recognised means in International Law for acquiring title to territory Guatemala never occupied, nor did it ever exercise any control or jurisdiction over, any part of the territory of Belize.

Is the Tarnished Image of Northeastern Being Rebuilt? :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Is the Tarnished Image of Northeastern Being Rebuilt? Boston - Northeastern University is expanding its campus and student body more and more every year. Just a few years ago it was just a small commuter school, now it is reaching close to the top 100 Colleges and University’s in the United States. The university’s enrollment is now up to over 20,000 students, both undergraduate and graduate students. Everything is not as peachy as it seems. Since 1990, Northeastern University has almost doubled its size. It used to be on just one side of the Orange Line. Now it goes all the way into Roxbury, Mission Hill, and Fenway. Residents in the area are a little angry that Northeastern University is coming into their neighborhood and pushing them around. â€Å"I haven’t liked what Northeastern has done ever since they came over the tracks,† said Randall Thomas, 51, a longtime resident of Roxbury. " In this neighborhood the rents are going up, the students are misbehaving, and the Northeastern police are hassling long time residents, instead of the students. They need discipline and Northeastern has to keep them in check,† said Thomas. Thomas talked about his years living in Roxbury, which is all 51 years of his life. He said the university has to work with the neighborhood. According to Thomas it is a long standing African-American Community that has its needs and the university should understand that and take that into consideration. According to city housing assessments, the price of real estate has doubled in some areas of Roxbury. The huge demand for property and the university’s growth has made the once poverty stricken area into a hot commodity for the university and real estate investors. One building in the neighborhood on Tremont was listed worth of $265, 500. Predictions for the end of the year 2004 have the estimated worth at about $394,000. That is a significant rise in one year. â€Å"Northeastern is taking over, their pushing the poor people out,† said Kenny Miller, 35, and a resident of Roxbury. â€Å"Roxbury residents fight to get their homes back, the damn condominiums they built, they’re taking over Mission Hill as well.† â€Å"The students are supposed to be our future leaders, they suck.† said Thomas, â€Å"Stop coming in our neighborhood, pushing us. Who do they think they are? Harvard or MIT?† On the contrary, Northeastern University feels that it is working with the neighborhoods to accomplish good for the community as a whole.

Common Man as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesm

Common Man as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman What is tragedy? While the literal definition may have changed over the centuries, one man believed he knew the true meaning of a tragic performance. Aristotle belonged to the culture that first invented tragic drama – the ancient Greeks. Through this, he gave himself credibility enough to illustrate the universally necessary elements of tragic drama. In The Poetics, Aristotle gives a clear definition of a tragedy, writing that it is â€Å"an imitation, through action rather than narration, of a serious, complete, and ample action, by means of language rendered pleasant at different places in the constituent parts by each of the aids [used to make language more delightful], in which imitation there is also effected through pity and fear its catharsis of these and similar emotions.† Basically, Aristotle thinks a tragedy should be witnessed rather than related, use poetic imagery instead of dry language, and have a logical flow with an inevitable conclusion at the end tha t evokes a heightened emotional response from the audience. Ever since Aristotle applied logic to art in The Poetics, playwrights from all time periods and cultures have attempted to prove him wrong. Utilizing intuition and writing from the soul, many have succeeded and many have failed. However, the most commercially successful theatrical performances have tended to follow Aristotle’s rules of drama. Aristotle maintained that all tragedies be driven by plot and that the characters simply be plugged into the story line. Leading the charge is the Tragic Hero, the man (not woman) who ultimately suffers the tragic fate. As defined in The Poetics, the Tragic Hero is, â€Å"the man of much glory and good fortune... ...oman’s world and demonstrated the tragic possibilities that exist within a common man’s universe. In so doing, he expanded the definition of Tragic Hero and helped to revolutionize tragic drama beyond the twentieth century. Works Cited Epps, Preston H. (trans.). 1970. The Poetics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press. Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico. 1993. Discovering Literature. â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 50th Anniversary ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1999. Common Man as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesm Common Man as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman What is tragedy? While the literal definition may have changed over the centuries, one man believed he knew the true meaning of a tragic performance. Aristotle belonged to the culture that first invented tragic drama – the ancient Greeks. Through this, he gave himself credibility enough to illustrate the universally necessary elements of tragic drama. In The Poetics, Aristotle gives a clear definition of a tragedy, writing that it is â€Å"an imitation, through action rather than narration, of a serious, complete, and ample action, by means of language rendered pleasant at different places in the constituent parts by each of the aids [used to make language more delightful], in which imitation there is also effected through pity and fear its catharsis of these and similar emotions.† Basically, Aristotle thinks a tragedy should be witnessed rather than related, use poetic imagery instead of dry language, and have a logical flow with an inevitable conclusion at the end tha t evokes a heightened emotional response from the audience. Ever since Aristotle applied logic to art in The Poetics, playwrights from all time periods and cultures have attempted to prove him wrong. Utilizing intuition and writing from the soul, many have succeeded and many have failed. However, the most commercially successful theatrical performances have tended to follow Aristotle’s rules of drama. Aristotle maintained that all tragedies be driven by plot and that the characters simply be plugged into the story line. Leading the charge is the Tragic Hero, the man (not woman) who ultimately suffers the tragic fate. As defined in The Poetics, the Tragic Hero is, â€Å"the man of much glory and good fortune... ...oman’s world and demonstrated the tragic possibilities that exist within a common man’s universe. In so doing, he expanded the definition of Tragic Hero and helped to revolutionize tragic drama beyond the twentieth century. Works Cited Epps, Preston H. (trans.). 1970. The Poetics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press. Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico. 1993. Discovering Literature. â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 50th Anniversary ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.

Carrie Chapter Fifteen

Q. What is your address? A. I got a room over the pool hall. That's where I work. I mop the floors, vacuum the tables, work on the machines-pinball machines, you know. Q. Where were you on the night of May twenty-seventh at 10.30 P.M., Mr Quillan? A. Well . . . actually, I was in a detention cell at the police station. I get paid on Thursdays, see. And I always go out and get bombed. I go out to The Cavalier, drink some Schlitz, play a little poker out back. But I get mean when I drink. Feels Eke the Roller Derby's going on in my head. Bummer, hub? Once I conked a guy over the head with a chair and Q. Was it your habit to go to the police station when you felt these fits of temper coming on? A. Yeah. Big Otis, he's a friend of mine. Q. Are you referring to Sheriff Otis Doyle of this county? A. Yeah. He told me to pop in any time I started feeling mean. The night before the prom, a bunch of us guys were in the back room down at The Cavalier playing stud poker and I got to thinking Fast Marcel Dubay was cheating. I would have known better sober – a Frenchman's idea of pullin' a fast one is to look at his own cards – but that got me going. I'd had a couple of beers, you know, so I folded my hand and went on down to the station. Plessy was catching, and he locked me right up in Holding Cell number 1. Plessy's a good boy. I knew his mom, but that was many years ago. Q. Mr Quillan, do you suppose we could discuss the night of the twenty-seventh? 10:30 P.M.? A. Ain't we? Q. I devoutly hope so. Continue. A. Well, Plessy locked me up around quarter to two on Friday morning, and I popped right Off to sleep. Passed out, you might say. Woke up around four o'clock the next afternoon, took three Alka-Seltzers, and went back to sleep. I got a knack, that way. I can sleep until my hangover's all gone. Big Otis says I should find out how I do it and take out a patent. He says I could save the world a lot of pain. Q. I'm sure you could, Mr Quillan. Now when did you wake up again? A. Around ten o'clock on Friday night. I was pretty hungry, so I decided to go get some chow down at the diner. Q. They left you all alone in an open cell? A. Sure. I'm a fantastic guy when I'm sober. In fact, one time Q. Just tell the committee what happened when you left the cell. A. The fire whistle went of, that's what happened. Scared the beJesus out of me. I ain't heard that whistle at night since the Viet Nam war ended. So I ran upstairs and sonofabitch, there's no one in the office. I say to myself, hot damn, Plessy's gonna get it for this. There's always supposed to be somebody catching, in case there's a callin. So I went over to the window and looked out. Q. Could the school be seen from that window? A. Yeah. People were running around and yelling. And that's when I saw Carrie White. Q. Had you ever seen Carrie White before? A. Nope. Q. Then how did you know it was she? A. That's hard to explain. Q. Could you see her clearly? A. She was standing under a street light, by the fire hydrant on the corner of Main and Spring. Q. Did something happen? A. I guess to Christ. The whole top of the hydrant exploded of three different ways. Left, right, and straight up to heaven. Q. What time did this †¦ uh †¦ malfunction occur? A. Around twenty to eleven. Couldn't have been no later. Q. What happened then? A. She started downtown. Mister, she looked awful. She was wearing some kind of party dress, what was left of it, and she was all wet from that hydrant and covered with blood. She looked like she just crawled out of a car accident. But she was grinning. I never saw such a grin. It was like a death's head. And she kept looking at her hands and rubbing them on her dress, trying to get the blood off and thinking she'd never get it off and how she was going to pour blood on the whole town and make them pay. It was awful stuff Q. How would you have any idea what she was thinking? A. I don't know. I can't explain. Q. For the remainder of your testimony, I wish you would stick to what you saw, Mr Quillan. A. Okay. There was a hydrant on the corner of Grass Plaza, and that one went, too. I could see that one better. The big lug nuts on the sides were unscrewing themselves. I saw that happening. It blew, just like the other one. And she was happy. She was saying to herself, that'll give 'em a shower, that'll †¦ whoops, sorry. The fire trucks started to go by then, and I lost track of her. The new pumper pulled up to the school and they started on those hydrants and saw they wasn't going to get no water. Chief Burton was hollering at them, and that's when the school exploded. Je-sus. Q. Did you leave the police station? A. Yeah. I wanted to find Plessy and tell him about that crazy broad and the fire hydrants. I glanced over at Teddy's Amoco, and I seen something that made my blood run cold. All six gas pumps was off their hooks. Teddy Duchamp's been dead since 1968, God love him but his boy locked those pumps up every night just like Teddy himself used to do. Every one of them Yale padlocks was hanging busted by their hasps. The nozzles were laying on the tarmac, and the automatic feeds was set on every one. Gas was pouring out on to the sidewalk and into the street. Holy mother of God, when I seen that, my balls drew right up. Then I saw this gay running along with a lighted cigarette. Q. What did you do? A. Hollered at him. Something like Hey! Watch that cigarette! Hey, don't, that's gas! He never heard me. Fire wrens and the town whistle and cars rip-assing up and down the street, I don't wonder. I saw he was going to pitch it, so I started to duck back inside. Q. What happened next? A. Next? Why, next thing, the Devil came to Chamberlain †¦ When the buckets fell, she was at first only aware of a loud, metallic clang cutting through the music, and then she was deluged in warmth and wetness. She closed her eyes instinctively. There was a grunt from beside her, and in the part of her mind that had come so recently awake, she sensed brief pain. (tommy) The music came to a crashing, discordant halt, a few voices hanging on after it like broken strings, and in the sudden deadness of anticipation, filling the gap between event and realization, like doom, she beard someone say quite clearly: ‘My God, that's blood.' A moment later, as if to ram the truth of it home, to make it utterly and exactly clear, someone screamed. Carrie sat with her eyes closed and felt the black bulge of terror rising in her mind. Momma had been right, after all. They had taken her again gulled her again, made her the butt again. The horror of it should have been monotonous, but it was not; they had gotten her up here, up here in front of the whole school, and had repeated the shower-room scene †¦ only the voice had said (my god that's blood) something too awful to be contemplated. If she opened her eyes and it was true, oh, what then? What then? Someone began to laugh, a solitary, affrightened hyena sound, and she did open her eyes, opened them to see who it was and it was true, the final nightmare, she was red and dripping with it, they had drenched her in the very secretness of blood, in front of all of them and her thought (oh†¦i †¦ COVERED- with it) was coloured a ghastly purple with her revulsion and her shame. She could smell herself and it was the stink of blood. the awful wet, coppery smell. In a flickering kaleidoscope of images she saw the blood running thickly down her naked thighs, hear the constant beating of the shower on the tiles, felt the soft patter of tampons and napkins against her skin as voices exhorted her to plug it UP, tasted the plump, fulsome bitterness of horror. They had finally given her the shower they wanted. A second voice joined the first, and was followed by a third – girl's soprano giggle – a fourth, a fifth, six, a dozen, all of them, all laughing. Vic Mooney was laughing. She could see him. His face was utterly frozen, shocked, but that laughter issued forth just the same. She sat quite still, letting the noise wash over her like surf They were still all beautiful and there was still enchantment and wonder, but she had crossed a line and now the fairy tale was green with corruption and evil. In this one she would bite a poison apple, be attacked by trolls, be eaten by tigers. They were laughing at her again. And suddenly it broke. The horrible realization of how badly she had been cheated came over her, and a horrible, soundless cry (they're LOOKING at me) tried to come out of her. She put her hands over her face to hide it and staggered out of the chair. Her only thought was to run, to get out of the light, to let the darkness have her and hide her. But it was like trying to run through molasses. Her traitor mind had slowed time to a crawl; it was as if God had switched the whole scene from 78 rpm to 33 1/3. Even the laughter seemed to have deepened and slowed to a sinister bass rumble. Her feet tangled in each other, and she almost fell of the edge of the stage. She recovered herself, bent down, and hopped down to the floor. The grinding laughter swelled louder. It was like rocks rubbing together. She wanted not to see, but she did see; the lights were too bright and she could see all their faces. Their mouths, ,their teeth, their eyes. She could see her own gorestreaked hands in front of her face. Miss Desjardin was running toward her, and Miss Desjardin's face was filled with lying compassion. Carrie could we beneath the surface to where the real Miss Geer was giggling and chuckling with rancid old-maid ribaldry. Miss Desjardin's mouth opened and her voice issued forth, horrible and slow and deep: ‘Let me help you, dear. Oh I am so sor-‘ She struck out at her (flex) and Miss Desjardin went flying to rattle off the wall at the side of the stage and fall into a heap. Carrie ran. She ran through the middle of them. Her hands were to her face but she could see through the prison of her fingers, could see them, how they were, beautiful, wrapped in light, swathed in the bright, angelic robes of Acceptance. The shined shoes, the clear faces, the careful beauty-parlour hairdos, the glittery gowns. They stepped back from her as if she was plague, but they kept laughing, then, a foot was stuck slyly out (o yes that comes next o yes) and she fell over on her hands and knew and began to crawl, to crawl along the floor with her blood-clotted hair hanging in her face, crawling like St Paul on the Damascus Road, whose eyes had been blinded by the light. Next someone would kick her ass. But no one did and then she was scrabbling to her feet again. Things began to speed up. She was out through the door, out into the lobby, then flying down the stairs that she and Tommy had swept up so grandly two hours ago. (tommy's dead full price paid full price for bringing a plague into the place of light) She went down them in great, awkward leaps, with the sound of the laughter flapping around her like black birds. Then, darkness. She fled across the school's wide front lawn, losing both of her prom slippers and fleeing barefoot The closely cut school lawn was like velvet, lightly dusted with dewfall, and the laughter was behind her. She began to calm slightly. Then her feet did tangle and she fell at full length out by the flagpole. She lay quiescent, breathing raggedly, her hot face buried in the cool grass. The tears of shame began to flow, as hot and as heavy as that first flow of menstrual blood had been. They had beaten her, bested her, once and for all time. It was over. She would pick herself up very soon now, and sneak home by the back streets, keeping to the shadows in case someone came looking for her, find Momma, admit she had been wrong (! NO !) The steel in her- and there was a great deal of it suddenly rose up and cried the word out strongly. The closet? The endless, wandering prayers? The tracts and the cross and only the mechanical bird in the Black Forest cuckoo clock to mark off the rest of the hours and days and years and decades of her life? Suddenly, as if a videotape machine had been turned on in her mind, she saw Miss Desjardin running toward her, and saw her thrown out of her way like a rag doll as she used her mind on her, without even consciously thinking of it. She rolled over on her back, eyes staring wildly at the stars from her painted face. She was forgetting (! THE POWER !) It was time to teach them a lesson. Time to show them a thing or two. She giggled hysterically. It was one of Momma's pet phrases. (momma coming home putting her purse down eyeglasses flashing well i guess i showed that elt a thing or two at the shop today) There was the sprinkler system. She could turn it on, turn it on easily. She giggled again and got up, began to walk barefoot back toward the lobby doors. Turn on the sprinkler system and close all the doors. Look in and let them see her looking in, watching and laughing while the shower ruined their dresses and their hairdos and took the shine off their shoes. Her only regret was that it couldn't be blood. The lobby was empty. She paused halfway up the stairs and FLEX, the doors all slammed shut under the concentrated force she directed at them the pneumatic door-closers snapping of. She heard some of them scream and it was music, sweet soul music. For a moment nothing changed and then she could feel them pushing against the doors, wanting them to open. The pressure was negligible. They were trapped (trapped) and the word echoed intoxicatingly in her mind. They were under her thumb, in her power. Power! What a word that was! She went the rest of the way up and looked in and George Dawson was smashed up against the glass, struggling, pushing, his face distorted with effort. There were others behind him, and they all looked like fish in an aquarium. She glanced up and yes, there were the sprinkler pipes, with their tiny nozzles like metal daisies. The pipes went through small holes in the green cinderblock wall. There were a great many inside, she remembered. Fire laws, or something. Fire laws. In a flash her mind recalled (black thick cords like snakes) the power cords strung all over the stage. They were out of the audience's sight, hidden by the footlights, but she had had to step carefully over them to get to the throne. Tommy had been holding her arm. (fire and water) She reached up with her mind, felt the pipes, traced them Cold; full of water. She tasted iron in her mouth, cold wet metal, the taste of water drank from the nozzle of a garden hose. Flex For a moment nothing happened. Then they began to back away from the doors, looking around. She walked to the small oblong of glass in the middle door and looked inside. It was raining in the gym. Carrie began to smile. She hadn't gotten all of them, only some. But she found that by looking up at the sprinkler system with her eyes, she could trace its course more easily with her mind. She began to turn on more of the nozzles, and more. Yet it wasn't enough. They weren't crying yet, so it wasn't enough (hurt them then hurt them) There was a boy up on the stage by Tommy, gesturing wildly and shouting something. As she watched, he climbed down and ran toward the rock band's equipment. He caught hold one of the microphone stands and was transfixed. Carrie watched, amazed, as his body went through a nearly motionless dance of electricity. His feet shuffled in the water, his hair stood up in spikes, and his mouth jerked open, like the mouth of a fish. He looked funny. She began to laugh. (by christ then let them all look funny) And in a sudden, blind thrust, she yanked at all the power she could feel.

The Miracle League of El Paso

Introduction at that place ar thousands of children who look sports in the communities on facilities supported by residents by dint of their tax revenue dollars. The Miracle group discussion of El Paso provides modify children and juvenility adults in our communities who notifynot introduce in a sport on a formulaic landing do master(prenominal) of a function with a place to go baseb entirely. The Miracle confederacy of El Paso removes the checks that stop children with disabilities mutilate the baseb every(prenominal) field and reserves them to sleep together bunk the field. The main obstruction for disabled children starts from the inseparable grass fields.The Miracle league of El Paso is ab unwrap building self-esteem, reservation impertinently friends, and confidence. The Miracle fusion of El Paso applies a sidekick system coupling apiece procedure scarperer with a peer provide to gage up the cultivateers. The Miracle unite of El Pasos strat egical plan is to work nigh with the junior-grade altogetheriance of El Paso, Inc. and associateships with the habitual leadership, and detect their directions, establishing a possible benefactor record. The short- edge object is the planning for an accessible, adaptable resort argona for the back field of study of the field.The Miracle alliance of El Paso plans to communicate and black market to pass water to task the filled $350,000 for the reflexion of the playground. The Miracle confederation of El Paso The Miracle unify of El Paso is a non-profit affect-up that continues to catch with the community and the bourgeonment through the innovative process of sort within cadence. The noncommercial boldness organization has articulateed a bursting load up tilt designed to motivate and get on future success and permanence. The Miracle league of El Pasos burster is to provide recreational opportunities to somebodys with disabilities, irrespective of their abilities (The Miracle confederacy Of El Paso, 2013).The military mission statement is positive, motivational, and long-term that definitely get throughs the nonprofit organization to strive towards. The mission statement service of processs develop the nonprofit organization as a resource that would be intaked by any 1 who was doing research or just intercommunicate a question in general. The mission statement allows The Miracle coalition of El Paso to function any means possible to invent propoundation (The Miracle unite Of El Paso, 2013). in that respect ar thousands of children who play sports in the communities on facilities supported by residents through their tax dollars.The Miracle league of El Paso provides disabled children and young adults in our communities who cannot participate in a sport on a conventional field with a place to play baseball. The Miracle League of El Paso, and the community can provide the disabled children with an chance to exp erience the benefits from playing baseball. Even though the installing is built the Miracle League of El Paso continues to need support to hold open it (The Miracle League Of El Paso, 2013). The Miracle League of El Paso removes the obstructions that stop children with disabilities off the baseball field and allows them to experience playing the field.The main obstruction for disabled children starts from the natural grass fields. The Miracle League of El Paso teams play on a custom-designed, rubberized turf field that provides accommodation for wheelchairs and self-as receivedd devices while preventing injure (The Miracle League Of El Paso, 2013). The Miracle League of El Paso is about(predicate) building self-esteem, making b find friends, and confidence. The Miracle League of El Paso applies a buddy system coupling all(prenominal) player with a peer unpaid worker to help the players. The result from the buddy system is a bond that cannot be expressed.The buddy is thither to protect the player. To assist the player in running, batting, and to be a long term friend for the whole season. Parents, relatives, siblings, and friends of players know their childrens handicap and therefore are encour get on withd to be the childs buddy. Buddies can start from the sequence of 12 and up (The Miracle League Of El Paso, 2013). The Miracle League of El Paso caters to children who keep back a medical checkup condition from any psychic or physical disabilities, such as minimal brain damage to cancer, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and autism. According to the 2000 enumerate Bureaus states there are 5. million children in our coun sample that lead disabilities between the ages of basketball team and 19, and with young adults the good turn make ups substantially. (Miracle League, 2013). Teams are divided by age and ability, which means that it is possible to have children from a wide range of ages on the very(prenominal) team if they play at a similar mental and physical level. There are trinity divisions of play, non- emulous, intermediate, and competitive. The difference is the instruction of regular baseball fundamentals in the competitive division. In non- competitive all(prenominal) child bats, runs, and last batter piles a home run.Intermediate division is in the middle of non-competitive and competitive division (Miracle League, 2013). The Strengths of the Miracle League of El Paso is the ability to r apiece out to disabled children no matter their age is to execute tough in a recreational sport such as baseball that takes, and little league teams would not include a disabled child. The main advantage of the Miracle League of El Paso is that this League is the only one of its kind in El Paso. The weakness of the Miracle League of El Paso is that the location is the only location for the honey oil, and some children come from all part of El Paso.A few children live in upstart Mexico. Beca accustom of the economys situation more parents or relatives are not able to travel deuce clock a week, especially if the parkland is 27 miles from their home. The Miracle League of El Paso ask to advertise through the social media to a greater extent (Rivera, 2013). Opportunities for the Miracle League of El Paso is to advertise in the social media such as twitter, Insta-gram, T-mobile, Verizon, video, etceteratera Collaborate with opposite nonprofit organizations to help apiece separate out with some(prenominal) is needed for each organization to sustain in todays economy.The Miracle League of El Paso necessitate to partner with the school order flock systems for glamouration from each districts area to transport the children to and from study special K for activities (Rivera, 2013). Threats for the Miracle League of El Paso is the downfall of the economy. Because of tough times, and a swot up in unemployment it is hard to donate for the cause. Volunteers, coaches, and parents whitethor n begin to hurtle from attending and whitethorn not be able to hand for registration of their child along with uniforms. Trends for the Miracle League of El Paso would be to attach onto Ponder Park with more recreational activities.The all comprehensive playground. Another trend would be to add a Recreational summation for spare activities to be added to Ponder park such as yoga, aerobics, dance classes, etc. (Rivera, 2013). Although the SWOTT analysis may be utilise for the external and internal environment, it may smooth have the organizations thinking remain in the same place rather than spring up and change by reversal. With this the three circles analysis comes in to play. Everything that has been questioned to add on to the Miracle League of El Paso, and the areas that proscribe players and siblings to attend are the main concerns of the customers and the beneficiarys.The nonprofit organization needs to question if they are succeeding in their beliefs, distinctivene ss, what should be provided, military capability and what to add to the values for the beneficiaries (Rivera, 2013). The Miracle League of El Pasos strategic plan is to work closely with the Junior League of El Paso, Inc. and partnerships with the popular leaders, and follow their directions, establishing a possible benefactor record. Substantiate expenses of projects and create an official monetary plan counting in-kind contributions. Plan meetings with potentiality organizations to establish possible field, and facility use up agreements.The Miracle League of El Paso formed a website for the main way of corresponding what they are doing and who they are. Educate the residents and cumulusinesses end-to-end El Paso County about the Miracle League of El Paso through the public awareness support, public discussions, and speaking arrangements. check out innovated ideas for flourishing upcoming events and constant giving raising to ensure future success (The Miracle League Of E l Paso, 2013). The short-term goal is the planning for an accessible, adaptable playground for the back area of the field.The Miracle League of El Paso plans to advertise and campaign to raise the needed $350,000 for the face of the playground. The playground depart be created for mental and physically disabled children of all ages to play in an environment that children and their families can play together, regardless of their abilities. The playground exit bring up inclusive play by concentrating on convenience for age, developmental suitability, and sensory-stimulating activity that makes a superior partner for The Miracle League of El Paso (The Miracle League Of El Paso, 2013).The Miracle League of El Paso needs to growth the number of committed volunteers and coaches to downscale the number of players on each team. Seek additional volunteers from boy scouts, miss scouts, high schools that need so many hours of community work for graduation, surrounding schools, universit ies, church service groups, civic organizations, YMCA, YWCA, retired community, etc. . Seek additional community partnerships (The Miracle League Of El Paso, 2013). An probability for the Miracle League of El Paso is to advertise in the social media such as twitter, Instagram, T-mobile, Verizon, television, etc.Collaborate with other nonprofit organizations to help each other out with whatever is needed for each organization to sustain in todays economy. The Miracle League of El Paso needs to partner with the school district bus systems for transportation from each districts area to transport the children to and from Ponder Park for activities (Rivera, 2013). The Miracle League of El Paso does not have a transportation system for disabled children and families, which inhibits them to get to each game or event at the Miracle field location.The Miracle League of El Paso lead propose a partnership with the school districts of each area that disabled children are located in to help t ransport the children for each game. The Miracle League of El Paso can propose to use their umbrella general liability indemnity for safety precautions during the use of the school district bus system. If the school district bus system could not partner with the Miracle League of El Paso, the Miracle League pass on try to establish a partnership with sunbathe Metro for specific days and times for the families and participants of the Miracle League of El Paso.To help raise money for the Miracle League of El Paso throughout the familys a run/ offer event for the cause lead be established as vigorous as possible future sponsors and partners to increment recreational activities for the Miracle League of El Paso. The deluxe schema for the Miracle League is to partner with one study construction company, Hunts construction company, in El Paso, Texas. Partnering with Hunt Construction Company willing inaugurate the construction of the all inclusive playground for disabled child ren and their families.The Miracle League of El Paso will only ask to partner with Hunts Construction Company because will allow only for the full press and publicizing of one main construction company, along with the company logo on all participants, family members, and buddy t-shirts. The Miracle League of El Paso will also ask to have the television news broadcast the development of the all inclusive playground for advertisement of the construction company as well as the Miracle League of El Paso for future participants.One major practicable tactic is that the Miracle League of El Pasos responsibility is to have the CEO-Founder-Executive Director, Sandra Olivar to be commit to the mission, and goals of the Miracle League of El Paso while preserving hard-core values and the highest principles of superiority. Sandra Olivar essential be use to increase the resources required to construct and give the mission, and goals. Sandra Olivar must generate an atmosphere in which vol unteers remain engaged and ommitted to the constant requirements of the organization. Sandra Olivar must incorporate a better brain to the volunteer staff increasing the role in the organizations mission and goals (Peace & Robinson, 2011). Because Sandra Olivar is the main director she has first-hand friendship for the foundation garment of schedules, strategic control, developing budgets around new events, and trigger points for the organization. Sandra Olivar is a powerful summation to the organization.Sandra Olivar has a powerful motivational club with the beneficiaries and especially can connect with the volunteers and beneficiaries through a reward system actuate them to further accomplish future goals for the organization (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). Sandra Olivar is the main non-paid volunteer operating the daily events of the League. Sandra Olivars responsibilities are to make sure that members register every season. Sandra Olivar must keep tabs on the increa se and decrease of program fees and payments, which this year has increase to a 95% rate (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013).Sandra Olivar must make sure that contributions and sponsorships have increased or dropped for the year, which for this year has dropped by 65% (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). The Miracle League of El Paso entails approximately $55,000 per season. The Miracle League of El Paso has sustained 300 players and intends to increase that rate substantially once the advertisement of the all inclusive playground has been initiated. Because of the drop of volunteer coaches the Miracle League of El Paso is instruction older disabled players.The trained coaches must have had at least three years of experience with the Miracle League. This action will help increase the volunteer coaches for the increase of disabled children teams (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). The functional tactic of time horizon gives the organization a focal point of implementing the g rand strategy today instead of five years from today. The forecasted time horizon for this capital punishment of the all inclusive playground is one year. Time horizon also allows the leaders of the organization to adjust to any changes or conditions that may occur through the execution period.Participants of the organization are the key developers to develop the implementation plan of the all inclusive playground. Sandra Olivar must involve operating volunteers with first-hand knowledge of what needs to be implemented to turn over the short-term goal of the playground. Plus, once the first base of the playground has begun, other events must be catered to, which all volunteers, including Sandra Olivar must be involved (Peace & Robinson, 2011). Sandra Olivar will elicit policies for the volunteers and participants formally and informally. Policies elicit people to act.Formal written policies will be distributed to each volunteer and participant with instruction manual to read and fully understand what is asked and instructed for a safe environment as well as a prosperous one. If there is any misunderstanding of the policies Sandra Olivar will be available at any time to help. Informal briefings of the policies will be held in two ways a month among everyone in a group not only to inform the volunteers and participants of changes, but also to engage everyone to give ideas and support for future implementations (Peace & Robinson, 2011).The Financials for the Miracle League of El Paso were given to Cindy Rivera from Sandra Olivar. Sandra Olivar has asked that Cindy Rivera keep most of the culture private because of the confidentiality of specific policies and sponsors (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). ANNUAL revenue firement & EXPENSES Fiscal course of study Starting Jan 01, 2011 Fiscal Year closing curtain Dec 31, 2011 tax TOTAL REVENUE $99,799 EXPENSES TOTAL EXPENSES $12,177 The contributed revenues are as follows CONTRIBUTED REVENUE Scholarsh ip Donations$125 Team Sponsorships$4,500 psyche and Corporate Donations$22,158TOTAL CONTRIBUTED REVENUES$26,783 The earned revenues are as follows EARNED REVENUES Registration Fees$5,375 Merchandise sales$1,305 Field Concession$48,067 Fundraising UTEP Concession$6,083 wheel Run & Car Show$1,348 prank Show Tickets$650 Baby Pageant$1,000 Walgreens$3,500 easterly Basket Sales$850 Macys$650 Miscellaneous Income$4,188 Subtotal-Earned Revenues $73,016 The forecasted campaign to raise money for the all inclusive playground is as follows Campaign polish $350,000 Campaign Dates Dec 2012-Dec 2014 The forecasted campaign to promote future donations and sponsors is as follows Campaign aspiration 100,000 Campaign Dates Dec 2012-Dec 2014 The attempt instruction plan for the Miracle League of El Paso is to enhance and support activities in all parts designed for disabled children and young adults. The guess steering plan ensures that the plan is a primary part of the Miracle League of E l Pasos decision-making process. The Miracle League of El Paso will use a prearranged risk precaution method to reduce logically probable financial, physical, or legal impairment to people, disturbance to procedures, and impose on _or_ oppress to the surroundings and material goods.The Miracle League of El Paso will classify and obtain deliver the goods of prospects as well as trim back unfavorable outcomes. The Miracle League of El Paso will educate the group to execute risk counselling successfully. The Miracle League of El Paso will attempt repeatedly to advance the risk commission procedures (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). Sandra Olivar is amenable to the organization for the execution of the risk management procedure and finally in charge for the risk management in the group. entirely volunteers and participants are accountable for supervision risks in their part.Sandra Olivar will have a various(a) outlook of safety to that of a ref or player (The Miracle Leag ue of El Paso, 2013). The endeavor of any risk management arrangement is to help the organization to concede possible risks to its functions and widen corrective measures that will reduce, eliminate, and control the danger connected with those dangers. To make effective decisions, Sandra Olivar must assess and take steps to control certain dangers and their disturb (The Miracle League of El Paso, 2013). To conclude, the risk management plan must be successful, it should become part of the Miracle Leagues traditions.Risk management must be incorporated into the Miracle Leagues operating actions, attitude, strategic plans, and should grow to be the accountability of each person in the Miracle League of El Paso. We cannot change or cure the medical issues heart has dealt our children with disabilities. What we can do is provide them what an luck to experience the joy and benefits which comes from playing baseball and other recreational sports and activities available (Rivera, 2013). References Barney, J. B. (2007). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (3rd ed. . upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. , Ghoshal, S. , Lampel, J. , & Quinn, J. B. (2003). The strategy process Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Pearce, J. A. , II, & Robinson, R. B. (2011). strategical management Formulation, implementation, and control (12th ed. ). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill/Irwin. The Miracle League of El Paso. (2013). Retrieved from http//miracleleagueofelpaso. com Miracle League. (2013). Retrieved from www. miracleleague. com