Impact of Cultural Background on Domestic Violence

Impact of Cultural Background on Domestic ViolenceDomestic personnel is an issue which occurs across all nicetys, religions, ages, genders and in all countries. It affects m any a(prenominal) individual(a)s and occurs in many various forms including physical, verbal, emotional and psychological abuse. Domestic rage has a range of definitions and on that point is no official globally agreed upon official definition to explain it, however in wrong of the UK a commonly accepted definition of internal violence extendd by The Association of Chief legal philosophy Officers (ACPO) and The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) defines domestic violence as Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (Psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults aged 18 and over, who are or devour been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality (family members are defined as mother, father, son, daughter, brother, sis and grandparents, wh ether directly related, in-laws, or step-family) (ACPO, 2008a 7).This look project give investigate and explore the different aspects of a dupes pagan circumstance which may offer knowledge and insight as to why women in a domestically abusive relationship choose to not leave or seek any help or advice. For the purpose of this study, a qualitative approach was carried reveal, using open cease interviews with agent victims of domestic abuse as a method to gather and analyse information. By conducting open ended interviews, direct access was gained into the experiences and perspectives of the individuals whom were interviewed. It provided further use by assisting in understanding the topic and collectively forum an in-depth exploration and depiction (Silverman, 2010). This particular topic is explored and researched since it has been a much neglected area of research at heart academic lit for a long time and has not been explored in much depth in relation to a cultural view and perspective. Literature on the cultural context of domestic violence has been limited until recently (Kulwicki, 2002). Further much, this area is quite under researched and is hence a topic which necessarily broaden and developing upon in several ways and thus it may offer insight into the issues needed to be communicate and the implications this has for indemnity makers and practitioners. Rather than exploring other commonly researched aspects relating to domestic abuse, instead a different centre is researched into the exploration of the obstacles that prevent victims inaction and how cultural pressures affect this process. Factors such as religious beliefs, cultural traditions and attitudes, affable networks, and help-seeking behaviours all affect how a victim result take action against domestic abuse (Shiu-Thornton, Senturia, Sullivan, 2005). In particular, the religious backgrounds in conspiracy Asian culture have been quite neglected and under researched, oft ov erlooking Sikh and Hindu communities. The research relating to religious backgrounds of victims of domestic abuse is quite limited, in that respectfore to a greater extent insight will be provided to address this issue and to shed some light on this focus.Although there has been much previous research carried protrude on domestic violence in the past, the work that has been carried out based on a cultural perspective is quite limited. In relation to research on domestic violence and South Asian culture, there has not been a lot of exploration or depth in this area, and the research that has been done in regards to this specific topic is mainly based on US context and on immigrant women of South Asian background. Therefore this is not as relevant to the UK and British Asian women, thus this research study will address this topic and expand upon the afoot(predicate) literature and research. Furthermore, there are also no studies of domestic violence in UK South Asian communities t hat provide statistics of the occurrence of domestic violence within this community, which is a major limitation that needs to be addressed. Statistics and data on this area would be highly beneficial and would show what problems or issues need to be addressed and what the main concerns are so that policy makers and practitioners can do their best to solve any current issues. Also, there have been no current literature or studies that have been conducted in this topic to continue it updated in general. Most of the work that has been done is from a few years back and the statistics provided from studies in the States on domestic violence in South Asian culture is from a decade ago or more which shows that statistics and data on this type of abuse in South Asian communities needs to be updated and kept current to contemporary times. Thus, this research study will provide a more contemporary exploration and analysis of domestic abuse in South Asian communities, which will be based on UK context.The research that has been carried out in this study is important as it will devote to its field of research and expand and develop upon a more specific area of domestic abuse. It will better and improve upon the topic of domestic abuse in more depth relating to a cultural perspective, including religious aspects and perspectives as well. This research is thus important to the topic of domestic abuse since it engages in a more foc utilise and specific view of the topic of domestic abuse. This research will show the perspectives of South Asian culture and the religions within this culture on the placement and role of women and its views on domestic abuse. Furthermore, it will show how this culture may present obstacles to those in domestically abuse relationships to seek help or leave their violent situation.The research focus that has been conducted is interesting as it studies and delves into the cultural aspects of victims of domestic abuse and how this may prevent t hem from leaving or hesitating to seek help hence this study will strike in the gaps of academic literature and research by exploring this specific approach and will offer more understanding and knowledge to its field of research. In this research study, religion in South Asian culture is also explored to see if it has any effect on women who are in domestically abusive relationships or to see if it plays a contributory role for women to take action in domestically abuse relationships. This research study includes qualitative data in the form of interviews which were mostly conducted at South Asian refuges for victims of domestic abuse, and by which access was successfully granted. These interviews were based on the experiences of cardinal women of South Asian cultural background who were former victims of domestic abuse. The three women who were interviewed were of Sikh and Hindu religious backgrounds two of the women were Sikh, whilst the other was Hindu. All three women volunta ry consented to be a part of this study and thus provided details and a background of their individual experiences of their former situations and the barriers they faced when deciding to take action. They also provided an account of their cultural traditions and attitudes which may have play a contributing role in their situations and their experiences.This research study will include and provide a literature review of the topic of domestic abuse, centering on South Asian cultural views and perspectives of the status of women and its perception of domestic violence. This will also encompass religious stances of domestic violence as well, focusing on both Sikh and Hindu religion. Next, it will provide information on the methodology that was carried out and adopted in this research study. This section will also include and discuss the advantages, weaknesses and limitations of the approach used and the research method that was implemented. Then, it will provide a summary and detail of the findings and analysis of the data, using thematic analysis to establish the common themes which have arisen in the interviews. Finally, there will be a final result to finish with, which will provide an overall summary of the findings of the research study. It will also discuss the implications of the findings and how this relates to policy makers and practitioners.

An Analysis Of Fractional Distillation

An Analysis Of waist-length DistillationDescribe, with the help of a diagram, how the different hydro speed of light subdivisions in crude embrocate color argon sepa deemd by reckonal distillate. Identify the main fractions by name and according to the approximate upshot of atomic number 6 atoms in the molecules.In the world today the primary source of render for close to of our needs come from fogy displaces. These atomic number 18 in the form of coal, natural turgidity and crude oil. In the petrochemical labor the crude oil is refined through a make water at of fractional distillation. This breaks apart the larger hydrocarbons into their sm aloneer fractions at varying temperatures in the distillation tower. The heavier fractions containing the most carbon atoms be drawn finish up at the gameest temperatures and the lighter the hydrocarbons the trim the temperature needs to be to draw off the fraction.The subprogram of fractional distillation provides the follo wing groups of productions1. Liquid rock oil gas2. Naphtha3. Gasoline4. Kerosene5. Diesel oil6. Lubricating oils7. Fuel oils8. Residues8. ResiduesFurnaceLiquid petroleum gas id the lightest fraction and is drawn off as a gas from the top of the distillation tower. It contains between 1 and 5 carbon atoms. It is the lightest fraction and is not very dense, beca character of this it lot be drawn off at a temperature of 20C. It is calld as an alternative to petrol in cars following a conversion.FurnaceNaphtha is a fraction that contains between 5 and 9 carbon atoms, with this adjoin in carbon atoms the density and boiling bakshishs step-up. This subject matter that the fraction exit come off at a higher temperature of 70C. This fraction dejection be further broken down in the fulfil of thermal shot to nurture e thene and benzene which be important in the plastics and pharmaceutical constancy.Gasoline contains between 5 and 10 carbon atoms and is drawn of at a temperatu re of 120C. This is the lightest fraction of the liquid grade open fires that atomic number 18 commonly used. It is what we admit as petrol and widely used in cars and small 2 stroke engines.Kerosene contains between 10 and 16 carbon atoms and is drawn off at a temperature of 170C. This is the principal discharge in the aviation industry where it is graded further depending on the final use. It is widely used for positioning gas turbines and other(a) internal combustion engines in propeller driven aircraft. The use of coal oil to fuel aircraft is be character it essential founder a high specific enthalpy of combustion per gram as this will mer dischargetile establishment a lot of vigor when it burns this authority it will also have a high enthalpy density. This is important as the fuel must be stored. A less dense fuel will use more(prenominal) space and provide less energy for the space it takes up on the aircraft.Diesel oils be drawn off at a temperature of 270C and contain between 14 and 20 carbon atoms. This is very similar to kerosene and has a similar consistency with the addition in viscosity and increase in boiling point it set out necessary to keep the fuel fast in cold environments as the fuel fathers loggerheaded and refuses to flow through fuel musical arrangements, this problem if compulsory keep be solved by lighting a fire under the fuel armored combat vehicle to bring the fuel up to temperature and enable it to flow. Also as this fuel is not dissimilar to kerosene some gas turbines like the Rolls Royce Pegasus 11-61 turbofan will operate with no appreciable loss of powerfulness or function.Lubricating oils come off at a temperature of between 300 and 375C and contain 20 to 50 carbon atoms. This high content of carbon atoms gives the lubricating oils their high viscosity and high melting point making them ideal for this use.Fuel oil is the heaviest of the fractions to come of other than the residue and is drawn off at a t emperature of 600C and has between 20 and 70 carbon atoms, this is a very heavy thick fuel which often requires pre heating before use in the fuel system. The main uses for this fuel ar for large diesel engines in ships trains and factories. It is also used as a reserve supply for power stations at peak invite when gas supplies be limited. This fraction is also used to decimate the residue in the exhibit of thermal cracking to produce heavy fuel oil. This is also cognize as bunker oil, the lowest grade of fuel oil for use in the shipping industry as a cheaper alternative to fuel oil.The residue from the distillation process is drawn off from the butt joint of the distillation tower and contains a high number of carbon atoms 70 this carbon rich mixture is swear out in fuel oil in the steam cracking process to make heavy fuel oil. This process leaves the residue coke. The raw residues are used in the manufacture of asphalts for road surfacing and bitumens for waterproofing roo fing materials that also may be made from this residue sold as roofing felts.b. wherefore might fractional distillation be carried out under reduced pressure?Fractional distillation is carried out under reduced pressure because when the pressure of the substance is reduced the intermolecular forces between the molecules become weaker. These molecules are then able to escape as vapour more rapidly and means that the process of fractional distillation can take place at a lower temperature which some(prenominal) reduces the energy needed and ultimately terms.c. Some heavier fractions are processed using cracking. Explain what is meant by cracking and wherefore it is carried out.The term cracking is used to refer to the breaking of larger hydrocarbons into smaller constituent parts to produce the smaller and more useful alkanes and an alkene and to further process the residues from fractional distillation. This can be do in several ways, and can be split into thermal cracking and c atalytic cracking. Both of these processes are used in the petrochemical industry to process some of the heavier fractions of crude oil further into gasoline and other useful products the lighter fractions of naphtha and butane are also processed into compounds of ethylene and benzene for use in the pharmaceutical and plastics industry The demands of consumers for large amounts of gasoline for cars means that over 50% of the crude oil has to be morose into gasoline to meet demand and as this fraction only forms 30-40% of crude oil the demand has to be met by way of other processs .d. Distinguish between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Give examples of products organise by each method.Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons is done in 3 ways. steam, vis breaking and coking. In these processes the hydrocarbons are heated to a high temperature until they break into there component parts.Steam cracking is where the hydrocarbons are shortly heated with high temperature steam to 816 C Ethane and Naphtha produce light alkenes such as ethylene and propylene the heavier naphthas are cracked into gasoline. Benzene comes off at the higher temperature of around 1000C and is an important molecule in the pharmaceuticals industry. Ethylene is used in the manufacture of plasticsVis breaking is carried out to process the residues from the distillation process. This is done by heating the residue to 482C and then quenching it with fuel oil. This then poured down a distillation tower and then flashed without oxygen. This flashing of the residue produces the product heavy fuel oil and tar. Coke is the final residue from the process of steam cracking and is deposited on the sides of the furnace which is then periodically cleaned off in the process of decoking the furnace. This coke is then sold on for use in industry as a fuel.Fluid catalytic cracking is the most important process of converting the fractions of crude oil into the more valuable gasoline, olefinic and other pro ducts. This process has largely replaced the thermal cracking process as it yields a higher return of gasoline with a higher octane rating. This process of fluid catalytic cracking runs as a continuous process in the refinery without interruption 24 hours a day for a number of years without before routine maintenance. The modern fluid catalytic cracking is a complex process in which the recycled fractions are injected into a riser with a high boiling point var. which is at a temperature between 315C and 430C and a pressure of 1.72barg. This vaporises the larger hydrocarbons and on contact with the accelerator it cracks them into smaller hydrocarbons. The gun that is used in the process is then cleaned of the hydrocarbon deposits and then recycled choke off through a regenerator. This is done by blowing air into the regenerator and ruin off the coke deposits. This regenerator operates at a temperature of 715C. The burning off of the coke from the gas pedal is exothermic a heats it up. This recycled gas pedal is then returned to the process and provides the heat to vaporise the stock and residue mixture and provide the energy for the endothermic cracking response. This process is dependant on some(prenominal) the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. There are four main components to the modern catalyst in the FCC. These are crystalline zeolite, matrix, binder and filler. The zeolite is the main provider of catalytic activity. The matrix contains amorpous alumina which also provides some catalyst activity within the sites of large pores. This enables the cracking of larger hydrocarbons than the zeolite alone. The binders and fillers of the catalyst provide the physical strength and guard its integrity. Contaminants in the stock from coats all have a detrimental effect on the catalyst which can be mitigated in some way by avoiding stock with contaminant, fresh catalyst, demetalisation though this is expensive, and by adding other metals to form compounds that are less troublesome to the catalyst.e. Write a realistic equation for the cracking of dodecane, C12H26.Heat + CH3(CH2)10CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 +H2C=CH(CH2)3CH3Dodecane _ hexane 1-hexane.The thermal cracking of the dodecane is exothermic and the heat that is used in the process is largely interpreted up by the catalyst in an endothermic reaction. This heat energy is then partly cured in the re use of the catalyst up until the point it requires cleaning or replacing.2a.(i) square off what is meant by a catalyst.A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without world transportd chemically or consumed in the reaction. They can however change physically. Catalysis is the process of increase or decreasing the rate of a reaction. These can be two positive and negative. The catalysts that speed up reaction are called positive catalysts and ones that slow down reactions are called inhibitors. There are also substances that increase the activit y of the catalysts which are called promotors the substances that deactivate the catalysts are called catalytic poisons. The use of catalysts is a means of making the process viable if it would not happen without it and also as a means of making the process cost good in terms of energy use and cost. The ability of the catalyst to be reused in most cases reduces the cost further.a.(ii) How do catalysts work?During chemical reactions the addition of a catalyst will increase the rate of the reaction at a lower energy take aim than the reaction without an addition of a catalyst. The faction of product and catalyst reactants raises it above the activation barrier and raises the potential energy of the reactant molecules as they come together. The energy of the activated complex reaches its maximum and form an activated complex, this activation energy then falls and the product forms and the molecules of the catalyst and product separate. This means the catalyst can be recovered from t he product and used over again following some reprocessing in some instances. The use of catalysts can be for both cost conservation and also as some reactions may take a long season or not even be possible without the addition of a catalyst.b. Why is it important that catalytic convertors start work at as low a temperature as possible?It is important for the catalyst converter to work at as lower temperature as possible as reaction rates are close always increased when the temperature rises. This is because as the temperature increases so do collision rates of the molecules between the catalyst and eliminate gases. To ensure that the rich mix of gases emitted by a cool engine is converted fully at low temperatures it is necessary for the catalyst to be participating at a low temperature. This also means as the temperature increases the reaction rate will increase also.c. Why do you think the catalytic converter is sited close to the engine?The catalytic converter is sited close to the engine to ensure that the mystify gases are as hot as possible before entering the converter. By keeping the gases hot it will increase the catalysis rate due to the molecules being more active as the temperature is increased.d. Why are injurious emissions on short car journeys or in cold weather particularly high? little(a) journeys will not raise the temperature of the engine block or manifold assembly, this rails to the hot combustion gases being cooled in the short journey to the converter. Operating in low temperatures will also cool the manifold assembly on a continuous basis as cold air passes the manifold tip to the cooling of the obliterate gases If the temperature is consistently cold the injectors or carburettors can be retuned to burn a lean mix which raises the burn temperature in the piston chamber and reduce the emission of un burnt fuel and rich exhaust gases into the catalytic converter. The burning of a lean mix at normal temperature will raise the cylinder temperature and cause pitting on the piston head and possible damage to the cylinder which in condemnation will cause oil to pass into the cylinder producing soot and partially burnt oil into the exhaust system.e. Explain what is meant by poisoning a catalyst?The catalyst converter can be poisoned by containments in fuel and by burning the wrong type. This leads to the coating of the catalyst with contaminants like lead from guide fuels and manganese which is used as additive to gasoline. Gasket failure in the cylinder head will lead to oil and coolant entering the cylinder and being ejected out in the exhaust gases. Depositing partially burnt oil and silicon from the coolant in the converter. This reduces the contact between the catalyst and exhaust gases. Some of this reversible over condemnation but the catalytic converter will be less effective in the mean time and may never fully recover its full working capacity.f. What is done to the catalyst metals to increa se their cleverness?The catalytic converter is made of several components witch all have important roles to play in the functioning of the catalytic converter. The core or substratum in modern catalytic converters is made up of a ceramic honeycomb or a stainless steel foil. This is so that it doesnt react with the catalyst and also providing an extremely large uprise subject area to support the washcoat. This washcoat is to make the converter more efficient and is often a mixture of silica and alumina. This provides a rough surface area on the substrate which greatly increases the surface area compared to the honeycomb structure alone. The catalyst and washcoat are mixed and then added to the substrate. This catalyst is made up of precious metals such as atomic number 78 which is the most widely used metal as it is the most active catalyst but not necessarily suitable in all situations. There are several different metals used as catalysts as some are more suitable than others in certain circumstances. To reduce the cost and reduce unwanted reactions palladium and rhodium are also used. Platinum and rhodium are used as a reduction catalyst platinum and palladium are used as an oxidising catalyst. There are several other metals used in catalytic converters though their uses have limitations and legislation also prevents use in certain countries due to the perniciousness of the substances they produce.g. What is meant by homogeneous catalysis? Is the catalysis taking place in a catalytic converter a good example of homogeneous catalysis? Discuss.Homogeneous catalysis is when the catalyst is in the analogous phase as the reactants and product. The homogeneous catalysts are more selective for a single product, more active and easily modified for optimising selectivity. Though these catalysts are more prone to permanent deactivation and are rugged to separate from the product so the catalytic converter is not a good example of a homogeneous catalyst. The catal ytic converter in the exhaust system of a car is a heterogenous catalyst as the catalyst product and reactant are not in the same phase. As the metals are coated onto a ceramic honeycomb surface the gases from the engine must diffuse to the catalyst surface and absorb onto it. This is why the catalyst needs to be coated thinly onto the honeycomb structure to increase the chance of the molecules coming into contact with the catalyst. The 3 main reactions that take place in the converter are as follows.2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)2C6H6(g) + 15O2 12CO2(g) +6H2O(l)h. Suggest a reason why the catalytic converter has to be replaced eventually.The catalytic converter will eventually have to be replaced as the physical structure and catalyst will become worn out and polluted by contaminants. This will reduce the capability of gases to be converted as there will be less contact both from soiling and reduced surface area due to physical and chemical degradation of both the substrate and the catalyst. As this catalyst is coated onto the substrate in the manufacturing process it is not possible to reuse the catalyst and a new one will be required.i. Catalytic converters convert the pollutant gases carbon monoxide, C7H16 and nitrogen monoxide into harmless gases. However, this is still only a partial solution to the emission problem. Explain why.Even though the catalytic converter converts the more harmful gases into carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and waters it is only a partial solution to the problem of Brobdingnagian amounts of raging gases being emitted into the atmosphere? This is because the carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases are both pollutants that both contribute to the problem of worldwide warming and in the case of CO2 a contributor to the acidification of the oceans. This last mentioned problem could have remote reaching consequences in relation to marine life for which 2 billion people rely upon for protein and the associated indu stries that gather the sea for commercial gain.j. An. oxygen sensor monitors the oxygen slick through the exhaust system and feeds back to control the fuel-air mixture entering the engine. Why do you think too little oxygen flowing over the catalyst would be a bad intimacy? Why do you think too much oxygen flowing over the catalyst might be a bad thing?The sensor in modern cars monitors the oxygen that flows through the catalytic converter. This provides the information for the engine management system to feed oxygen into the exhaust gases when light oxygen is present from either cold starting or fuel rich gases being emitted this ensures the catalyst can completely react and convert the gases. If there is insufficient oxygen the gases will not be completely converted leading to the emissions of the more harmful gases. The battlefront of too much oxygen will cause an increase in temperature and also oxidisation of the catalyst which will cause degradation from heat or corrosion .k. It has been suggested that battery-powered cars, which do not emit pollutants, are a solution to the problems of environmental pollution. What effect would the increased use of battery-powered cars have on the demand for electricity? What would be the consequences for the environment of this demand?The planetary car count to date is approximately 600 jillion and is expected to double in the next 30 years to a huge 1.2 billion cars. This is clearly going to cause problems both for the demand of fuel to build and power them and also in the pollutants they emit. The use of gasoline and diesel oils to fuel this demand is eventually going to rapidly deplete world reserves at an ever increasing rate. This will happen even if car numbers stayed at todays level as extraction is almost at its peak level. The current theories on how much is left is a secret closely guarded by opec and the oil rich nations like Saudi Arabia who for the last 30 years have never changed the forecast for the reserves they hold. This is clearly untrue, and in the future will cause a sudden collapse of the availability of oil. It has been suggested that electric powered cars could be a solution to the problems of both pollution and consumption of one of the most valuable resources mankind has. As a solution is this possible? There are a number of factors to take into account.Cost of replacing 600-1 billion cars in both raw materials and energy to make them and scrap the old one.Increase in the demand for electricity and can this demand be met without a net increase in global emissions from power stations without burning huge amounts of carbon fuels.Will the electric car be able to meet the demands of the travel hungry consumers?Is there the global political will to address the issue?Resistance of the world population to change there ways, this is important as all the thinking in the world is of no use if nobody will do anything.On the cost of replacing 600-1.2 billion cars, it is go ing to cost a huge amount of money, approximately 12 trillion pounds for the new ones and 3 trillion for scrapping the old ones. This is a summate of 15 trillion. An estimate on the total amount of dollars in the world is 908 billion in use as of 2009 (source Federal Reserve). In addition to this there is $1,655.6 billion in current accounts, $8,326.8 billion in savings and approximately $10 trillion in bank deposit certificate and stocks. As this latter one is money that is not freely available it could be said there is approximately $8.3 trillion of accessible cash. This is a huge amount of money, far short of the money needed to replace the global car collection. Although this is not all the money in the world it is a considerable amount of it and can be taken as a fair marker of how difficult it is going to be to monetary fund the change.Although the electric powered car is efficient at approximately 40% compared to gasoline at15%. Could the demand be met from the electric ind ustry without increasing emissions? The answer to this is yes at a cost. global electricity production every year is 13.7 trillion watts. The requirements on demand if we were all to go electric would be approximately 60.44 billion watts though the annual cost of charging the cars up would be cheap compared to the use of gasoline.There needs to be a global political will to change and this may not come until problems from global warming have started to have an economic effectLast of all will the people of the world do the honest thing for the good of the planet and make the change, it would be nice to think they would but this will be the most difficult challenge of them all as most people are not perspicacious on a change.

Analysis of the halal industry

Analysis of the halal fabricationThe world Moslem population is growing to a total of 1.6 one thousand thousand people. By 2025, Muslims be pass judgment to account for 30% of the worlds population.As for halal products, there ar about 1.5 billion consumers, This means that adept out of every four human beings consumes halal products. At present, Southeast Asia and the oculus East argon the two strong market places for halal products (Riaz, 1998).As at 2008, the halal Industry has amounted to USD2.1 one million million million. This is certainly an important market to tap into. The proper industry which also take ons Islamic finance is estimated to be worth between USD200 billion to USD500 billion annu totallyy, with an annual growth rate forecast of 12% to 15% for the next 10 years.merchandising efforts to supply certified halal products throughout the world ar gaining momentum. Demands for proper-certified products have increased exponentially not only because the Mus lim consumer base is growing further also due to the fact that halal products straightaway appealingness to a broader spectrum. proper has become the raw benchmark for safety and quality assurance. The growing appeal and benefits of this niche market is significant. Major non-Muslim countries deal Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the U.S. have already established their topical anaesthetic anesthetic production for the Halal market.The key driving factors for the externaliseed growth of the Halal market are as followGrowth in the Muslim population, the elementary market for Halal food for thoughtRising incomes in primary markets for Halal foodIncreasing demand for safe, high quality food in primary marketsIncreasing demand for greater variety in primary marketsIncidents of food marketed as Halal but failing to meet Halal requirementsDevelopment of the Asian Halal MarketAsia has the largest Muslim population of either given region, but the population has mod est per capita incomes, and hence trim down total food consumption than early(a) areas. For example, high population countries like India and Pakistan have relatively low consumer incomes and consequently exhibit lower per capita protein consumption. in spite of lower income levels, this region has been at the forefront of capitalizing on the growing Halal market.Malaysia, Thailand, capital of Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, China and India have all interpreted steps to tap into the global Halal market. For instance, the Singapore food industry has also taken a number of steps towards becoming a Halal hub, including an advertising campaign in the Middle East. Malaysia has also designs on becoming an international Halal hub and its government has taken a number of measures to wear that objective including the establishment of the Halal Development Corporation. Thailand has moved to become a recognized Halal amount of excellence in science and testing.Brunei is currently co-o perating with Australian companies in order to com put ine its authority in the Muslim world with Australias track record in safe, high quality food production. The Chinese Halal industry is growing and is expected to expand its role in the global market. At the moment, the key avail of the Chinese Halal industry is access to cheap labor. China recently signed a inscription of Understanding with the European Commission (EC) and already has several EC-approven companies ready to export Halal products to European markets. Indian exporters are attempting to gain recognition through the achievement of HACCP, ISO and Halal enfranchisement.Halal Market in Singapore and the internationalization of Singapores Halal ServicesMajils Ugama Islam Singapura (Muis), which is also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, is the Islamic way in-charge of Muslim affairs in Singapore. Muis was established as a statutory board in 1968, when the disposition of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) came into effect. Muis is to advise the President of Singapore on all matters relating to Islam in Singapore. Among otherwise things, Muis provides Halal Certification inspection and repairs.Muis is vested with the powers to act as the sole authority to administer and regulate Halal certification in Singapore. This is clearly stipulated in AMLA.By 2009, Muis certified more than 2,600 premises and has played an important role as the custodian of Halal food assurance for Singapores 15% Muslim population. Furthermore, the promising Halal food industry with the availability of many Halal-certified eating establishments has helped to foster social interaction between individuals from diverse racial, heathen and religious backgrounds.Halal Certification provides assurance to all Muslim consumers because it fulfills the Syariah law, which is a must for Muslims. To the non-Muslims, Halal products are quality products, simply due to the concept of halalan thoyyiban (Halal and wholesome)Intro duction of Warees HalalAs the Singapore Halal certification is well regarded and globally recognised, it has generated strong interests from companies, both(prenominal) in Singapore and beyond, planning to embark on the MUIS Halal Certification scheme and adopt the Singapore MUIS Halal Quality Management (HalMQ) system. Warees Halal, a division of MUIS infantryman Warees Investments Pte Ltd, has been given the task of helping companies to attain certification.At the present moment, being the subsidiary of Muis, Warees Halal leverages on the existing Muis eHalal System to manage all aspects of the Halal Certification Process . Apart from this system Muis has occupied a third-party vendor Marshall Cavendish Business training Pte Ltd, to manage its directory portal httpwww.singaporehalaldirectory.com.Warees Halal is currently exploring new ways to improve and streamline their work processes and expand their r distributively to the global halal market. And one of initiatives is flow Business Model for Halal Global MarketCurrently, the major marketing channel for the Halal good suppliers and retailers is the commodity wholesale market. However, when the retailers make purchases in the wholesale market, the dominant suppliers may offer products that are not Halal certified. Besides, the retailers may be inconvenient to collect information on the monetary value and other expound of the Halal products. The current line of products model is the directory and credit line portal.The average online halal directory and moving in portal like the Singapore Halal Directory acts as a mere introductory service. Once the Buyers have identified products and suppliers of interest, both parties will have to move offline and continue using emails, faxes and myriads of spreadsheets that result in complexities, errors and added bes.According to the World flip-flop Organization the average international trade transaction involves 20-30 different parties, 40 documents, 200 data elements (30 of which are repeated at least 30 times).The complexities of import-export add as much 15% administrative budget items to the actual cost of goods.In todays highly competitive global markets, Suppliers and their clients need to reduce and even exit inefficiencies that result in higher costs and possible loss of market share.Technological Challenges faced in this current modelStandardisation and communication management between Warees Halal Staff and their clientsAnother challenge is the global outreach restriction due to geographical factors and limitation due to the current information technology floorEmerging Business ModelsEconomists said that the growth of Global Halal market is definitely depending on the involvement of E-commerce and Halal E-marketplace.In fact, the regional Muslim countries like Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore are currently speeding up the promotion of Halal concept, which aims to integrate the Halal producers and marketers. Thus , the development of Halal E-marketplace is facing huge challenge, in the spot of having qualified Halal certified food producers to join in the Halal E-marketplace as to ensure the safety, hygienics and fairness of the commodity trading.Some of the Halal E-marketplaces includes the daganghalal web site from Malaysia, zabihah.com a site with an directory which is a Halal business yellow pages in UK.Besides these sites, some of the Government Halal E-marketplace which are only include the Australian Halal sustenance Directory and Singapore Halal Directory.Halal E-Commerce Leaders in the industryZabihah.com (http//www.zabihah.com)Zabihah.com is the largest database of Halal restaurants and markets.Based in the USA, it was created in July of 1999. And till to this date, zabihah.com has become an indispensable resource for Muslim communities worldwide.DagangHalal.com (http//www.DagangHalal.com)DagangHalal.com, based in Malaysia is one of the B2B e-marketplaces featuring Halal product s and go. It provides an online platform as well as other business sourcing channels for our merchants to reach out to a potential worldwide Muslim market of 1.8 billion consumers (estimated worth US$500bil to US$2 trillion global Halal trade value).HalalBusinessDirectory.com (http//HalalBusinessDirectory.com)The Halal Business Directory, a UK Based Website provides a free service to Halal Businesses enabling them to publicise their online presence, and a free service to the public to help locate local businesses. Both user friendly and search engine friendly, the Halal Business Directory also provides a business listing with contact details, products and service, and a link to selected businesses websites.Halalexchange (http//www.halalexchange.com)Halal Exchange is a joint venture project in UAE between Halal Exchange Inc. and RAK Investment Authority under the patronage of His Highness Prince Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah.Halal Exchange i s a web-based enterprisingness solution for the challenges of Global Sourcing. Founded in January 2002, the mission focused exclusively on developing the standard template for the complex, costly and convoluted import export process. The proprietary eCatalogue-Transaction Engine delivers immediate results in increase of business volume and higher profit margins.Halal Exchange is headquartered in Vancouver with offices in Kuala Lumpur, Shanghai, Dubai and San Francisco.Australian Halal Food Directory (http//www.halal.com.au/)Halal.com.au is Australias first comprehensive Halal dining guide. Our aim in launching this site is to give Muslim people around Australia a handy resource to find Halal restaurants, cafes and other eateries. Of course, we hope that this site can be of use to non-Muslims as wellSingapore Halal Directory (http//www.singaporehalaldirectory.com)(Waiting for info from Razali)Present Information Technology InfrastructureFuture or Proposed Information Technology In frastructureE-commerce and online business portal had been proved to be one of the best e-business solutions to penetrate the rising market. However, not much e-commerce portal either by government or private sector that focuses on the Halal market has being seen in the Halal trade market.B2B Model, B2C ModelE-marketplace is an electronic exchange marketplace where companies register as sellers or buyers to communicate and result business over the Internet. The E-marketplace has become an important electronic shopping environs that may evolve into a dominant force in Internet marketing. Most of the E-marketplaces with online stores are offering competing products. Featuring is associated with a price tribute and it serves as a mechanism to mitigate competition among online stores. In essence, featuring facilitates a convenience-price trade-off. Those consumers who find that the cost of clear-cut outweighs the benefit of a lower expected price shop at the featured store where th e price is higher on average.The E-Commerce mechanism of the Halal E-marketplace can improve trading efficiency and lower the cost of collecting information as well as the purchase price. The E-marketplace can use a cabal of pictures, literal description, and regulated classification to introduce the quality and details of the traded commodities.Hence, Halal E-marketplace is found to be an emerging e-marketplace for the global Halal industries since the early years. Contradicted to the conventional E-marketplace, one of the unique features of Halal E-Marketplace is that it requires all the Halal businesses and services to be provided and transacted online according to the Halal principles and Muslim set. This is to ensure the benefits of the Halal consumers from around the world.The unique features of the Halal E-Marketplace includeOnly the Halal certified products and services can be exhibited and traded onlineOperated according to the Halal principles and Muslim valuesCultivate the Islamic values of Hygiene, Sincerity, Fairness and TrustworthinessPromotes the right way of doing trading activitiesEconomic Benefits of the Halal E-marketplaceHalal industry businesses and services providers can be benefit from the Halal E-Marketplace. For example, Halal food producers representing each section in a supply-chain could join Halal e-marketplace to transfer information and purchase products. They may operate on a cost-recovery basis by an independent third party ( much(prenominal) as an industry association) or be set up as a business offering, with a middle-person providing a value-added function such as transaction services. Services offered by Halal E-marketplaces include the business directory listings, electronic catalogues for online purchasing of goods and services and trading or transaction services. Halal E-marketplaces that are worth considering are those that interconnect with other marketplaces and brook low-cost connection to a firms financial accou nting systems.The economic benefits of the Halal E-marketplace may include great opportunities for the Halal suppliers and buyers to make new trading partnerships, either within their supply-chain or across supply-chainsThe potential to lower the costs of negotiating and making transactions with automation of standard business proceduresThe potential for more transparent set as Halal buyers and sellers take the opportunity to trade in a more open environmentThe opportunity to access value-added services such as inventory control and management of dispatch and distribution processes using electronic systemsProduct or Service Customer AnalysisWhat are you selling?Whom are you selling it to?How do the products differ among competitors in the same business?Who are your primary customers?What do your customers speak out about your business strengths and weaknesses?

Social Policy Essays Social Policy For Sex Offenders

Social form _or_ outline of governing body Essays Social Policy For Sex wrongdoersSocial Policy For Sex OffendersChildrens protection and natural rubberty has become a prominent legislative let on of the 90s and for the millennium. It appears that more and more legislation get out continue to be introduced and passed for the high hat inte lodge in of tikeren. The goal is to stop hatred against our s absorbrren in this generation, but for just about children it is too late Anthony Martinez, Polly Klaas, Megan Kanga, the children we did non read about and, unfortunately, those we go forth be reading about. This paper ordain discuss Megans law (See vermiform appendix A), which requires the registration and nonification to communities of released sex offenders.Child clapperclaw legislation turn up to be an agenda leader for two new(prenominal) sets of issues those relating to child wangle and those relating to personal violence. Child step, especi on the wholey c ozy, has infused p atomic number 18nts and communities with re newborned moral outrage and provided capable and political connections to long-standing issues, much(prenominal) as child safety and protection. But perchance more interestingly, law-breaking legislation gave legitimacy and currency to the consideration of the consort issues of violence, autonomy, and strong-arm safety, including the inner hatred of children, domestic violence and rape ( Nelson, 1984). restore help with your essay from our expert essay writersBierker (1989) defined familiar abuse as a sexual activity perpetrated on a child by an older person through coercion. The child lacks the stimulated and physical maturity to resist what amounts to abuse of the older persons coiffure of authority and power. Abuse, by definition, causes pain to the child at the time of the abuse and, unless the abuse is disc drift offd and dealt with, later in his or her life. In fresh high profile cases, the children bot h appe bed to welcome been sexually abused so unitaryr they were murdered.Sexual abuse of a child generally moves through more and more intimate activity. Perpetrators c atomic number 18fully plan not only the abuse, but in like earthly concernner arrange for a private place to do it. Parents practically devote the perpetrator access to their child unwittingly. For example, they may rent their child to enlist in stem activities which are lead by an unknown perpetrator. Megans law seeks to describe known pedophiles and stick out parents to inform and teach their children to invalidate these offenders.Sexual offenders are a large and growing part of the prison house population. In 1980 raise prisons held 20, 500 sex offenders in 1990 thither were 63,600 and in 1994 their were 88, 100. They grew not only in number, but also as a shareage of an expanding state prison population 6.9 percent of 295,819 inmates in 1980 9.7 percent of 906, 112 in 1994. In 1991, at least 2 0 percent of the with child(p) prison population in ten states were sex offenders. fraternity in-patient and out-patient programs specializing in treating sex offenders give proliferated. Still, it appears that relatively few incarcerated sex offenders actually turn around treat workforcet. thither is insufficient research to establish consistent estimates of recidivism or to list impelling treatments ( subdivision of Justice, statistics, 1996).The current climate is severely punitive. M either citizens draw near is to lock-up all the criminals and never release them. The public seems determined to prevent these individuals from committing new crimes no matter the cost. As a result, by August, 1995, 43 states had enacted statutes requiring offenders to prove with a central government agency or with a law enforcement agency located in the fraternity into which they are released.In late July 1994, seven-year-old Megan Kanka was raped and strangled to death. Such tragedies are periodically reported in our day by day periodical across the country, but the difference here was that Megans killer whale expired across the street from the Kanka family in Hamilton Township, New Jersey. Further, the neighbor had served time in Avenel, a facility for sex offenders in New Jersey. The earthly concern had been convicted of molesting children doubly previously, but the connection knew nothing of his background.Megans parents and neighbors learned of Jesse Timmendequas write up only after he was arrested on July 30, 1994, and had confessed to the murder. Megans parents, Richard and Maureen Kanka, and their neighbors organized and angrily confronted their city council as to why they were not informed as to the instauration of this house for sex offenders in their family-oriented union. They demanded that the laws be transmitd so as entrust communities to protect themselves from released sex offenders.Jansson defines policy practice as efforts to influence the development, enactment, implementation, or assessment of sociable policies through the utilization of policy practice skills (which he identifies as analytic, political, inter fillal, and value-clarification), and the performance of policy practice tasks (setting agendas, defining problems, making proposals, enacting policy, implementing policy, and assessing policy) (Jansson, 1994).With the spend elections approaching, and several Republican anti-crime initiatives stalled in the Senate, Republicans pushed four loads through the House on may 7, 1995 to crack down on sex offenders, witness tampering, stalkers and those who raven on children and the elderly.The Senate cleared the bill (HR 2137) on sex offenders by office ballot May 9, 1995, and President Clinton write the bill into law. Republicans were hoping that the bills, which dealt with relatively pocket-sized issues, would resonate with the public and help their party in November. They spotlighted members that were facing risky reelection campaigns as sponsors of three bills. The sexual offender bill was sponsored by creature Zimmer, Republican from New Jersey, who was in a tight race for the senate loafer being vacated by Bill Bradley. The House debate began on an emotional note, and members quickly passed legislation that would require states and localities to inform communities when dangerous sexual offenders were released from prison. The vote was 418-0 . (See Appendix B).The 1994 crime bill (Pub. L 103-322) requires sex offenders to shew their deal out with local guard, and it allows this information to be publicized to preserve safety. The House bill sought to make release of this information mandatory. States that did not comply could lose part of their federal crime fighting funds.The bill also would change a section of the crime law that ask states to classify as private all information collected when registering sexual offenders. The bill would allow each state to determine w hat information is private and what is public ( recountingional Quarterly, May 11, 1996).President Clinton strongly supported the bills respecting crimes against children and the elderly. On May 17, 1996, he signed Megans equity. He has been an advocate for children since he was governor of Arkansas. The following is an just from the ceremony that took at the White HouseThis has been a week in which our country is moving to combat crime and violence. A couple of days ago we awarded over 9, 000 new police officers to near 2,500 communities. That brings us to 43,000 police officers in 20 months along the road to our goal of 100,000. Were in front of schedule and under budget.But today, the valiant presence of five American parents reminds us that this fight against crime is so much more a fight for peace and for safety for our mass and especially for our children.I give thanks the Congress for passing it. I thank those who led the fight. And I thank these families more than any thing else. God Bless you all. (See Appendix C).The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration execute provides a financial incentive for states to establish stiff registration systems for released child molesters and early(a) sexually violent offenders. States that fail to establish conforming registration systems will be candided to a 10 percent reduction of formula Byrne Grant funding, and resulting surplus funds will be reallocated to states that are in compliance. Unlike Megans Law, the Jacob Wetterling characterization permitted, but did not require, states to release registration information to the extent necessary to protect the public.In atomic number 20, state legislation implementing Megans Law was passed in September of 1996 (AB 1562 ). The California department of Justice issued policy and training procedures for local law enforcement agencies order implementation of Megans Law stolon in July, 1997. As of July, 1997, any citizen can request from their local law enforcement agency, a CD fixed storage containing information, including photographs, of sexual offenders released into the local community. legal philosophy and parole agents will be required to notify the community of sexual offenders residing in the region. In California, Governor Wilson has seek to go further still, proposing that sex offenders be required to register for life.The rationale underlying such laws is simple severalize all convicted and released sexual offenders, and the community will be able to take action to protect themselves. Notification, jibe to some, could prevent some tragedies from progressing again. Notification is also expected to rectify public safety because the public will be able to identify and report risky behavior by sex offenders (e.g. conversing with children, buying sex-oriented magazines) that capacity escalate into criminal behavior if ignored.The effectiveness of notification probably depends to a considerable degree on the provisions of the state statute, the resources that states and localities are able and willing to provide for implementing the statute, and the dedication and expertise of probation officers, police officers and prosecutors. Notification is some likely to be effective if it is accompanied by extensive community education and carried out by specialist. ( Finn, 1997)Agenda setting stage. Laws regarding sexual abuse came into being in the late 1970s as professionals and the public became cognisant of the prevalence of this form of child abuse. Since that time, the legal framework has developed dramatically in response to vicious crimes against children. Perhaps no type of crime has received more prudence in recent years than crimes against children involving sexual acts and violence. Several recent tragic cases have focused public attention on this type of crime and resulted in public demand that government take stronger action against those who comm it those crimes. Specifically, it was the murder of a little miss at the hands of this unidentified sex offender that served the nominate of acquire legislators and the publics attention.A victim of sexual abuse himself, photographic print J. Welsh urged that identifying offenders would protect children and help prevent molesters from abusing again. Further, he argued that molesters would be recognized everywhere they went, and no unmatched would allow them to be near children. there was no real opposition to this argument the laws had to be changed.Another all-important(a) component of the agenda setting stage is the political demand exerted by large voting constituencies and lobbyists. Children do not vote, but parents, relatives, teachers, grass root organizations, the Child Wel off the beaten track(predicate)e League of America, and others do strongly re bribe them in the political arena. In the case of Megans Law, support was bipartisan and unanimous. Further, Congress passed Title VII of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322). That law, entitled the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, support states to establish a system where every person who commits a sexual or kidnapping crime against children or who commits sexually violent crime against any person (whether self-aggrandizing or child) would be required to register his address upon release from prison. As further protection, the 1994 Act required states to allow law enforcement agencies to release relevant information about an offender as necessary to protect the public (capital of South Carolina Law, 1995).This community notification provision has been the subject of considerable controversy. Megans Law has been challenged by civil libertarians as a violation of sex offenders constitutional rights. However, Megans Law has thus far survived court challenges. Yet, this has not stopped the American c ivilized Liberties Union (ACLU), a legal organization dedicated to defending the record, from attacking the constitutionality of notification requirements.The ACLU and others argue that it is unconstitutional to treat sex offenders variedly from other violent criminals. Further, the ACLU argues, approximately sex offenses are committed by people we are not aware are dangerous friends and relatives and others we do not know about. Community notification angles to generate hysteria about a small group of people for a short period of time. It does not solve the problem, it plainly moves ex-offenders around as they are driven from community to community.Moreover, although the ostensible purpose of notification is to permit citizens to take precautions to protect themselves, these laws tend to encourage a state of anxiety which is not helpful to rationally addressing the issue. They also tend to encourage vigilantism. In Washington state, a a released child molester, who had presume dly stipendiary his debt to society, was himself a victim of death threats, assaults and the burning of his home by wild residents who took the law into their own hands (ACLU, press release, August, 19, 1994).In addition, critics aruge, this law often treats gay men as child molesters and rapists. Years ago, gay men were routinely arrested on felony lewd conduct charges. These were people who were basically savoury in consensual sex with other adults. Although Megans Law apparently targets sexual predators, the gay community fears that persons arrested for being gay will be identified as sex offenders.Problem defining stage. The problem is whether all released sex offenders should register or not. Different states have relied on different methods of developing notification criteria and as a result, have come up with different criteria. The focus is on developing guidelines for classifying offenders according to the risk they present (low, moderate, high). States have adopted var ying criteria to be employed in this motley process. These include the serious-mindedness of the offense, offense history, characteristics of the offender and community support.Proposal physical composition stage. The bill was included as a special provision in the Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the Act). At the time it was probably written from an ecological perspective out-of-pocket to Megans brutal death and the elections. The bill does potentially sweep up too many people.Policy enacting stage. Congressmen Zimmer and the Republican party seized upon Megans death to raise an issue during an election year that no one could possibly oppose protecting neighborhoods from persons likely to commit heinous sexual crimes. Such conditions encourage politicians to introduce bills that are supported by little, if any, amenable research.In my research for this paper, I spoke to Mr. Greg OGorman, an adjutant stork to Senator Feinstein. He confirmed the ob vious no politician would oppose Megans Law because no one wanted to be identified with sexual offenders. Furthermore, he reported that Senator Feinstein has introduced a bill that will lock up a sexual offenders convicted twice of sexual crimes. He stated that the senator has received no opposition from her colleagues. It is unknown if she consulted with mental wellness practitioners, social workers, or other professionals in order to determine the efficacy of her bill or alternatives to incarceration, such as treatment to prevent recidivism.The policy implementing stage. Law enforcement agencies, parole agents, and other designated practitioners are being directed to enforce Megans Law. Each state is implementing Megans Law differently. For example, in California all sex offenderswhether adult or juvenilemust register. Communities will be notified of adults classified as high risk or serious sex offenders. (See Appendix D). There are 70,000 sex offenders in California. It is uncer tain how many of these will ultimately be classified as high risk or serious offenders.Policy assessing stage. The ACLU and Lambda Legal Defense and Education fund (LLDEF) have linked together to challenge this law on constitutional grounds. The ACLU and LLDEF argue that in many cases notification does more harm than good. They conclude that if information is to be disclosed publicly, it must be limited to that necessary to counteract the offenders dangerousnous. ( ACLU, press release, August 19, 1994).Still, Megans Law is being implemented. In Placencia, California, police notified the community that a twice-convicted child molester, Sid Landau, was residing in their community. The community responded by organizing demonstrations in front of his residence. Some threatened him. Mr. Landau had to obtain legal bureau in an attempt to stop the harassment. According to his lawyer, T. Matthew Phillips, Mr. Landau has been through hell. He argues that his client has been unfairly sing led-out, that he paid for his crimes and should not be permitted to reenter society.Detective Corinne Loomis of the Placencia Police plane section had hoped that people would eventually accept that Mr. Landau and others like him are spillage to be donjon in the community, and to appreciate that the best response is be aware and protective. That is what Megans Law was designed to do, she said. It was not designed to score people into frenzy and have them run somebody out on a rail (L.A. Times, 3-8-97). On April 25, 1997, Sid Landau was arrested for assaulting a cameraman who was following him.In another case, an 18-year-old male from Wisconsin was convicted of a lewd act with a minor. He faces 40 years in prison and, if convicted, he will have to register as a sex offender for life. This young mans crime was having consensual sex with his 15-year-old girlfriend. The girlfriend got pregnant, and the young man dropped out of school in order to marry and support the girl. A social w orker reported this case to the prosecutors office, and he was charged and convicted. The young man has the support of his community and plans to appeal his conviction.THE INTERVIEWSIn this section I disucss two interviews I conducted regarding Megans Law. I could have interviewed anyone because we will all be involved with this law law enforcement, which will be responsible for notifying citizens, as well as average citizens who happen to live in communities into which sex offenders are released.1) Jacqueline Waltman cry agent, California Department of Corrections. Ms. Waltman supervises adult parolees in the San Fernando Valley.2) Gail Blucher Mother and President of the local Parents and Teachers link (PTA). Ms. Blucher is resident of the Santa Clarita Valley.Ms. Waltman does not agree with Megans Law as it is written. Although she will be obliged to enforce it, she believes that many sex offenders will go underground in order to avoid registration requirements. at once unde rground, Ms. Waltman argues, these individuals will be more likely to molest more children. Further, she believes that a state of anxiety will be created in the communities encouraging the evolution of vigilante groups. She believes her job will be more difficult as a result of supervising parolees in a community that is openly hostile to the parolees presence.She recognizes that the Department of Corrections does not provide sex offenders with effective therapy, if it provides any at all. Moreover, she stated that many sex offenders are warned by prison guards not to disclose their crime to fellow inmates so as not to provoke attacks upon themselves. Therefore, many do not request therapy during incarceration.Parole agent Waltman believes that sex offenders cannot be rehabilitated and should remain in prison for the rest of their lives. She nevertheless hopes that they can be treated and rehabilitated. She stated that her priority will of all time be the safety and protection of c hildren. Jacqueline Waltman whole works part-time for the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services at the Emergency Response Command Post (ERCP). She worked regular for more than twenty years for the same department.Mrs. Blucher is a full-time homemaker and she is very involved in her seven-year-old daughters outside activities. She is married. She has recently gotten involved with the neighborhood watch community program that works with the local sheriffs department.Mrs. Blucher is anxiously anticipating Megans Law. She believes, quite obviously, that children lead a safe neighborhood, and supports notification . However, she stated that she could not participate in evicting anyone from her neighborhood, but did not want sex offenders to live anywhere near her family. She strongly believes that sex offenders never change. She stated that the criminal justice system releases criminals too early, especially sex offenders. She supports Assemblyman Bob Margetts (R-Arcadia) bill requiring that convicted child molesters wear electronic monitoring bracelets upon their release from prison. (I contacted the Assemblymans office regarding this bill. His aide reported that the bill passed without any opposition).She is looking forward to working with the neighborhood watch program to make children aware that her house is a designated safe house and that they are allowed to request assistance if they needed too.LETTER TO decision maker DIRECTOR RAMONA RIPSTON- ACLU15920 Calle El CapitanGreen Valley, CA 91350Ms. Ramona Ripstonexecutive DirectorAmerican Civil Liberties Union1616 Beverly Blvd.Los Angeles, California, 90026April 24, 1997Dear Ms. RipstonMy name is Xiomara Flores-Holguin and I am a graduate social work student at the University of Southern California. I am writing you in support of the American Civil Liberties Union, Southern California chapters position on Megans Law.I agree with the ACLUs argument that notifying communities of sex of fenders presence may cause more harm than good.First, released sex offenders are going to live somewhere. I am concerned about not-in-my-backyard vigilantism that will encouraged if citizens are not properly educated on bounds of appropriate action to take when notified of the presence of a sex offender in their communities.Second, there is little evidence that the Department of Corrections addresses the problem when the sex offenders are in prison. They cannot reassure society that these sex offenders are rehabilitated because they do not provide them any treatment.Also, we cannot forget that many former sex offenders have never presented a threat to society. I refer to gay people convicted of lewd acts for engaing in consensual sex with other adults. Will Megans Law require that these victims of homophobia be identified as sex offenders living in our midst?I wanted to express my appreciation and gratitude to the American Civil Liberties Union for your ongoing work in defending the Constitution of ALL people, whether we like them or not.Thurgood Marshall once asked, Mental health and the law what if anything do they have in common? He responded that some(prenominal) are concerned with the aspirations and problems of the gentle condition, and both deal with human rights and human responsibilities.Let us continue in our commitment to work on behalf of ALL people. Thank you.Sincerely,M. Xiomara Flores-HolguinMSW Graduate StudentCONCLUSIONAt the beginning of this assignment, I believed that I had a strong position as to Megans Law and felt that this law was almost perfect. However, as a social worker, I recognized that the law was supported by little entropy-based research. I realize that no policy analytic thinking is ever complete, that it is out(predicate) to discover all of the data (data are essentially infinite) and to ask all of the possible questions. Policy analysis is always an approximation of the ideal and, as such, decisions are always made on the basis of incomplete data (Karger Stoesz, 1994).Karger and Stoesz (1994) argue that despite a nominal reliance on an analytic framework, social policy analysis in the real world is to some degree always biased. Because policy is analyzed by human beings, it is always done through the mirror of the analysts value system, ideological beliefs, and particular understanding of the goals and purposes of social benefit. Subjectivity is reflected in the omission (conscious or otherwise) of facts or questions, or in the relative weight given to one variable at the expense of others. Also, political pressure may be put on the policy analyst to come up with recommendations that are acceptable to a certain interest group. Regardless of the causes of subjectivity, policy analysis is always an approximation of the ideal, in effect an informed anticipation as to the effects of a policy or a set of policies.I believe that we need to stop crime against children in this generation. Furthermor e, we need to identify and help those children that will be capable of continuing this cycle of crime as adults. The imprisoned sex offender, the released sex offender, and the unknown sex offender were children once, too. We should therapeutically treat the juvenile as soon as they are identified as potential offenders. We should not give up on people by locking them up An African proverb admonishes us, It takes a village. Let us take more responsibility.I will be pursuing a Community, Organization, Planning and Administration, concentration next year. I cognize long ago that I wish to empower clients and advocate for them. I want to do so at the macro level.REFERENCESAmerican Civil Liberties Union. (August 19, 1994). Press Release. Registration and community notification of convicted sex offender. ACLU Washington region publication.Bierker, S.B. (1989). About sexual abuse. Springfield, Illinois Charles C. Thomas Publisher.Brown, J.M. , Gilliard, D.F., Snell, T.L. , Stephan, J.J ., Wilson, D.J. (1996). Correctional populations in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Washington, D.C. publication.Finn, P. (1997, February). U.S. Department of Justice, Statistics on sex offender community notification. Rockville, Maryland National Institute of Justice Publications.Jansson, B. (1994). Social policy from opening to policy practice. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole.Karger, H.J., Stoesz, D. (1994). American social welfare policy a pluralist approach. New York Longman.Nelson, B. J. (1984). Making an Issue of Child Abuse. stops The University Press.Palmer, E. A. (1996). GOP pushes four crime bills through the House. Congressional Quarterly. p. 1305.Richardson, L. Target of Megans Law Moves, Causing Stir. Loa Angeles Times, March 8, 1997, p.A20.Schopf, Simon (1995). Megans Law Community notification and the Constitution. Columbia Journal of Law. 29 (117), 118-146.Welch, M.J. (1994). Press Release. Publicizing child molesters in your community. personalised mailing.

Employee Relations in Trade Unions and HRM

Employee Relations in treat Unions and HRMEmployee relations ar full of life to the success of the organisation. Good conversation channels need to be in level for in descriptoration flow between employers and employees. This holds true for some(prenominal) teeny-weeny and large organisations. In large organisations, in that location argon level-headed rules in place to engage employee symbolizeatives. Employee standard could be in the skeletal skeleton in the cupboard of dispense summations, works councils, joint working groups and ad-hoc groups. In sm exclusively companies, the centre is on direct talk between employer and employees. Small firms do not require elabo arrange defendational systems and the legal framework excludes them from laws to consult with thespian representatives in some good examples. However, regardless of the size of the organisation, it is advisable for employers to bewilder good systems for providing culture and consultations with e mployees on a periodic basis (ACAS, 2005). This is particularly critical for small companies that ar growing at a fast rate and need to lay down systems in place for employee engagement as is the case with the company under consideration.Employee representation and trade unionsOne form of employee representation is trade unions. mete out unions are associations of employees. Trade union is an brass section of workers that aims to cling to and advance the interests of its members (BIS, 2009). Their objective is to sustain and enhance the scathe and conditions of work for their members. This is make by dint of collective bar attracting with employers. Recognition of the trade union by the company is very important for collective bar discovering. Collective bargaining takes place when the trade union negotiates with the employer on behalf of the employees on matters regarding pay and other terms and conditions of employment. Trade unions are of four types company union, gener al/industrial union, contrivance union and color collar union (Cole, 2003). Company union represent the employees in a single company. General or Industrial union represents employees from several companies belonging to the same industry. Craft union represents skilled workers in a specific field. White collar union represent white collar employees e.g., teachers and professors.Trade unions are set up to protect and grow the interests of employees. The existence of a trade union reduces the possibilities of industrial scrap (Dillon, 2009). Trade unions play a bouncy routine in effective communication between guidance and employees. They provide the support system to ensure that the differences of public opinion do not turn into major conflicts. Trade unions play an alive(p) procedure in negotiations between vigilance and workers in times of disagreement. Trade unions not scarcely represent employees to discuss their pay and benefits, but likewise provide a voice for the employees to be heard on miscellaneous other aspects of personnel policies. These let in selecting employees for lay offs, retrenchment, promotion and transfer. The personnel filling criterion at bottom an organization may not be fair(a) and transparent. The existence of trade unions ensures that workers have a say in the proceeding and their interests are safeguarded (ILO, 1992).From the vigilance perspective, it is beneficial to deal with trade union members who represent all the employees rather than deal with employees individually. This saves time and is cost efficient as conflicts butt joint be resolved in a timely manner. This ensures thither is no stoppage of work, thus preventing adverse effects on employee productiveness and efficiency. Management willing get to know from the trade union about the views of employees on various important aspects of the company polices. They can use this information to make important decisions that affect employees (Gennard Judge, 2005).Becoming a member of a trade union gives employees the confidence that their needs and interests are being protected. This is a source of motivation for workers reducing absenteeism, lower productivity and labour turnover. This ensures that there is optimum utilization of human being elections in the organisation.Role of trade unionsThe role played by trade unions in uniting, protecting and improving the employees has a positive impact on the business. They make for caution in the enlisting of employees. Trade unions have also started to conduct various training and suppuration activities for the employees. They help in unifying employees coming from diverse social and stinting backgrounds by helping them get used to the work conditions in the company. As a result, workers are more aware of the rules and policies in the company. This gives the employees the requisite tools to copy in their job. With efficient employees, companies can achieve their goals and grow at a faster rate. This will positively impact the economic development of the economy.At times of disagreement and conflict between employers and employees, trade unions play a vital role. They represent all the employees in total. This is called collective bargaining. This makes it easy for viement to deal with the trade union members. This helps in building trust and co-operation. The trade union helps in resolving the conflict in a coherent manner that is beneficial to both the company and its employees. In such a scenario, the acceptability of the managements decisions by the employees is greater. They have a sense of ownership for the decision-making and so will be more committed to achieve the companys objectives. The gauge of the decisions may also improve as opinions of employees with the required skills are well represented. The focus is on mutual agreement between management, employees and their representatives for improving employee relations. Trade unions help in fosteri ng co-operation and building industrial relations.HRM practices and trade unionsThe disadvantages of trade unions to management are they could lead to increase in wages at an indiscriminate rate. This means higher costs for the company. Also, trade unions consider exactly the requirements of its members. It gives no richness to the views and needs of employees who are not members. When trade unions impose strikes and lock-outs in the company, it causes decrease in productivity and profitability levels.Over the years, the focus in human resource management (HRM) has changed from communism to identity. This means more importance given to engaging employees individually for consultation, communication and resolving conflict. In the individualism management modality, the focus is on the views, opinions and needs of each employee. It seeks to bring out the opera hat in every employee in exerciseing their job. In collectivism management style, the company recognizes the importance o f having employees views and opinions represented in management decision-making on personnel matters. The HRM approach that strikes a balance between these devil management styles will give importance in building and caring for human resources in the organisation.Human resource management is a style of management for managing employee relations in a way that enables employees to perform at their best in the new era of technological changes and globalisation. at that place are two versions in defining HRM. The hard version admits a rational manner of dealing with employees and aims at aligning organisation strategy and human resource strategy (Bratton Gold, 2001). It views employees as a cost component that needs to be controlled. The soft version views employees as resources. Its emphasis is on grooming, training and evolution employees. It works on change magnitude employee lading. It looks upon a skilled and committed manpower as an important competitive advantage.Human r esource management is a key function in a company, which focuses on selecting, recruiting, training and maturation employees, and provide a sense of direction to them. Its main aim is to manage the human resources in an organisation effectively and raise in achieving its goals. Functions of HRM include planning, selection, recruitment, compensation and benefits, training, mathematical operation estimation and feedback, communication and motivation of human resources in the company. When a company is established and starts operating in a small scale, usually the owner/manager performs the HR functions. As the company grows steadily, a human resource personnel needs to be appointed, who primarily takes wield of payroll kneading, benefits and HR lay-keeping. For the other major HR functions like recruitment and training, managers may need to participate and take the ownership. When a company crosses the 80-100 employees level, a person specializing in HRM needs to come onboard (Mathis Jackson, 2007).The role of HRM in a company can be split into three administrative, practicable and strategical. The administrative role is to do with clerical responsibilities like paper work and record keeping. If the role of HR in a company is restricted to only the administrative function, then it serves no purpose both for the employers and employees. In the operational role, HR implements the strategies laid out by the management. It ensures that the plans, policies and strategies of the organisation as laid out by the management are carried out by the employees. In this role, HR acts as a liaison between the employer and employees. In the strategic role, HR plays a key role in formulating policies relating to human resources along with the management. HR contributes to organisational effectiveness and success by ensuring employees is well equipped to perform at their best and contribute significantly to the company (Mathis Jackson, 2007).For the human resource fu nction to be effective in an organisation, the operational and strategic role must be given importance in decision-making. This ensures there is competent communication between employers and employees. It recognises human resource as a vital component that needs to be groomed and developed for the success of the company. By ensuring employees opinions are voiced and heard on matters affecting them, HRM ensures that employees feel motivated, have a sense of purpose and ownership and contribute to the organisation.Managing employee relations deep down the organizationOrganizations today are increasingly exposed to the challenges of managing employee relations and adopt practices that promote a positive work culture. Global competitive pressures have added to the stress levels at workplace and employee satisfaction becomes a critical wall socket in such conditions. Large organizations with more than 100 employees often distinguish it difficult to address employee issues and concer ns. Employee representation through collectivism in the form of trade unions, joint consultation committees or individualistic approach that emphasizes on strategies like individual(prenominal) development plans, performance appraisals and career progression are some of the alternatives available to the organization. Changes in managerial approach are a requirement for organizations to adapt to changing operating and business environment conditions. In traditional organizations, order involves giving assignments, explaining routines, clarifying policies, and providing feedback on performance (Nickels, 2008). This style of management has been replaced by a more encouraging approach that involves change magnitude participation of the workforce in the decision making process. Employee empowerment strategies and a participative leadership approach are increasingly finding their acceptance inwardly organizations since it promotes organisational efficiency in terms of productivity an d performance. Flexible organizational structures that are distinguished by reduced layers of hierarchy are a great deal favoured for their role in improving existing work culture and employee commitment levels.Employee participation and consultative practices within an organization faces distinct challenges from lack of documentation infrastructure that incite the process of open communication. Potterfield (1999) states that empowerment strategies can be effective only when the organization provides the following four essential ingredients to its mental faculty and that includes information about the organizations performance, rewards based on organizations performance, knowledge that enables the workforce to contribute to organizations performance, and power to make decisions that influence organizational performance.Bargaining with trade unions ruminate the need to recognize their existence and this relationship can be fostered in many ways for mutual benefit. Organizations can effectively integrate their strategies to gain advantage from the existence of trade unions through the implementation of employee participation and promoting a well-preserved work culture that focuses on increased productivity.Organizations are contain by various disciplinary standards and frameworks that guide employee doings at workplace, frame regulations for disciplinary actions against mis doings, and frame the basic rules that should be followed by people within the organization to ensure the smooth functioning and create a healthy work environment. The management is to a large extent responsible for plan the guidelines and laying the protocols to ensure a proper code of conduct among the employees. tidy sum need to know what is expected of them in terms of standards of performance and behaviour (ACAS, 2009). It is not an effective practice to define employee code of conduct and performance levels while imposing restrictions on employee conduct as and when required b y employers. The organization must have a pre-defined set of expected behaviour protocols handed out to the employees that conveys a uniform standard of conduct to all employees across all levels and departments within an organization. This is extremely helpful in directing the employees on what actions or blackguards should be taken next in response to a specific case or situation at the workplace. Such rules and protocols will leave no place for ambiguity or misunderstandings once the company expectations are defined and explained to the workforce. Many companies define a set of procedures for employee grievances and feedback. Such practices are useful in providing assurance to the employees that their problems will be dealt with confidentially and in uniformity with the company procedures. This ensures fair solvent of problems and guides the managers in dealing with conflicts within teams and individuals.The success of any business try in todays operating environment is to a l arge extent dependent on the human capital resources available. In view of the present economic perspective employee relations play a critical role in deciding the business strategies and profitability position of the company. at that place are many instances when organizational conflicts can create problems with the effectiveness of operations. However, it must be soundless that conflicts are an inevitable part of the business environment and organizations adopt polar strategies to resolve conflicts arising at workplace. According to the conventional way of doing business conflicts were viewed as a negative and threatening action working against the organizational interests. There has been a radical change in perspectives with changing business kinetics where organizations feel that conflicts can be used to leverage organizational goals and objectives through the use of effective leadership and managerial strategies.The individual conflict arising in workplace is more evident in the form of personal goals and objectives that clangour with the goals of other individuals (Weijun, 2006). A competitive work environment promotes individuals to prove their abilities and go that extra mile to achieve higher goals. Managers and leaders instigate a competitive environment to achieve organizational goals and targets and motivate the employees to perform better. The consequences are realized in the form of increased productivity, trade share and profitability. The stakeholders gain from this kind of conflicts arising at workplace.Any changes to the current and existing work procedures are met with stiff resistance from the people involved. Managing conflicts and implementing changes in an organization is a knotty task that requires an able leadership that has the capacity to visualize and identify likely barriers or resistance to the planned changes. Ensuring high levels of performance within the organization requires active participation of both management and individuals in the workforce in implementing tasks and objectives (Roberts, 2004). Managers can unlock an individuals ability and willingness to perform at high levels in many ways for instance, by translating long-term goals into step by step plans, clearly stating expectations and holding people accountable (Holbeche, 2005). Training the employees is an effective conflict management strategy. It provides the employees with increased information and knowledge on the impact of organizational policies or programs and thinks in a pre-defined manner to accept such changes.There are numerous other employee management strategies that can be utilize by the organization to ensure increased performance levels and adherence to quality standards. This includes performance appraisals, team meetings, one-to-one discussion forums, personal development plans and feedback sessions that encourage a healthy exchange of views and suggestions. The organization should outline and explain the bit by bit procedure that needs to be followed by the employees and the managers in fulfilling the objectives of performance appraisals and personal development plans. The managers should be provided with adequate guidelines on the way the system should work, how often the plans need to be reviewed and trained in the ways of conducting effective appraisal sessions. Documentation of each phase of these plans is necessary to provide the managers and employees with improved uncloudedness on the goals decided, action plans drawn, review period and feedback of the session.Improved communication can help in motivating employees, increasing productivity and result in improved customer service. But it needs to be understood that the communication process is not simply conveying the message. It is a two-way process that needs interaction between the two parties. The management and the employees need to interact on how the managerial strategies are going to take shape and what are best possible way s to minimize risks and hurdles in the process. prominent the employees a chance to participate in management decisions not only makes them feel valuable but also ensures their support and enthusiasm in the whole process. Another vital ingredient for successful communication process is consistency. The management policies need to be consistent in their approach to ingrain trust and confidence in the employees.ConclusionThe increase in market competitiveness has resulted in the adoption of strategic plans that focus on employee eudaemonia and development schemes. Collective relationships are now based on relatively more cooperation in which both parties are motivated to add nurture to the organization (Gennard Judge, 2005, p11). The evolving employment relationships emphasize the success of the enterprise through exploitation employee trust and commitment, enhancing job satisfaction, employee participation in decision making process, and increasing organizational productivity, profitability and efficiency (Gennard Judge, 2005).

The Flea John Donne Analysis

The Flea John Donne AnalysisBorn in 1572, John Donne was an side poet and perhaps virtuoso of the best metaphysical poets of his era. His works argon renowned for their realistic style and include sonnets and love poetry. One of his most known piece of work is The Flea. Historians are yet to determine the exact season this poem was written, entirely as a posthumous publication, it was published in the year 1633. One must remember the time this poem was composed, the manner of people was a really conservative one therefore, apply narcism to woo the girl, and he tries to break the barriers. The theme of the poem is disguised in the form of a simple insect such as the flea re incloseing propensity and seductive desires. A very(prenominal) avid theme of poetic dresser is used in the duration of this poem. This rule is used as an elongate metaphor, in this case the flea itself. It is indeed a very humorous method of extending the metaphor to add life to the poem.The guy is as king the girl present to observe a flea in their presence, and is almost imploring her to think how piddling is what he asks from her. This is one of the best examples used in this work of poetic self-conceit. He has compared the flea and the note facetiousnesshin it to them organism as good as married. The flea has sucked his blood and hers, therefore coming to the conclusion, that, the flea consists of two of their bloods mingled in it. He is very suggestive in implying they are almost more than married. In the senile days, making love amongst two lovers was considered modify their bloods, they would have to be one flesh before they could do the deed. So, when he refers to the break away having their bloods mingled already, he implies there is no understanding for her to say no to him. He draws her attention to the situation that now that their bloods are already mingled and mixed, giving herself to him would not be considered as a shame or a sin or discharge of her vir ginity as they are already one entity. He feels that the flea has joined them in such a manner,And this, alas Is more than we would do.In the next stanza of the poem, as the story progresses, it seems the girl wishes to kill the flea, and the boy stops her by tell O Stay where hes asked her to stop, as he tries to convince her that this flea not precisely contains its own life, but also theirs. Clare Middleton from the English Review has made an fire observation regarding his behavior towards women saying,This vocalizer excels in dazzling his female conquests with his wit and intelligence. In The Flea, his personal credit line that the woman should submit innerly to him twists and turns in answer to her unheard words and unseen actions. He claims initially that the flea represents the tiny incorrupt decision facing her (How little that which thou denyst me is) and then quickly adopts a less flippant tone, suggesting that the flea in fact represents the great sanctity of thei r sexual contract, because were met/and cloistered in these living walls of jet. When the woman confounds him by killing the flea, its insignificance, which is covert in her Cruel and sudden act, is the cue for the final twist of his transmission line Just so much honor, when thou yieldst to me,/Will waste, as this fleas finis took life from thee. From a female point of view, the wittily blasphemous argument is impressive not so much for its details as for its persistence. The phallic imagery of the flea, which pampered, swells with one blood made of two, implies that the amount of intellectual elan vital expended in the pursuit is directly proportionate to the physical efforts that might detect the womans capitulation. It may not be politically correct, but it is highly erotic. (Middleton) erstwhile again, using the idea of conceit, he describes in a very metaphysical manner the connection they have with each other using the flea as a center that is holding their lives within it. He tries to woo her on by saying the flea is like their marriage bed and marriage temple, in which their kinship is sanctified and nothing is wrong with it. He hopes she thinks that due to using that as a metaphor, she feels the purity of the deed he wishes to commit and does not look at it as a sin or bailiwick of shame. He extends the flea from just being the institution of the marriage to it now being their marriage bed or marriage temple.Wisam, in The Explicator published in Washington has expanded on this by stating, Donne fundamentally probes the dominant, male grammatical gender that the text appears to be pushing the woman toward. In fact, the male speaker in the poem assumes the position of the woman seduced rather than that of the invading flea, whose chair provides a medium for his contention. The male speaker declares that he is sucked first (3), and the equivocalness of this in line 5 implies that what cannot be said / A sin, or shame refers to some extant to the speakers experiencing pleasure by that sucking. Mansour, Wisam.The Explicator. v. 65 no1 (Fall 2006) p. 7-9 actually cleverly he plays with words where he says,And cloisterd in these living walls of jet.Jet, is a deep glossy black stone. In this case, he is referring to the color of the flea. He generates strong imagery in this line, by comparing a lifeless black stone with the living walls.She moves to kill the flea, and he aptly implies she would be killing him and additionally herself. He refers to her killing herself as suicide and mentions profanation if she were to do it, as she would be committing 3 sins at one go, winning his life, committing suicide and killing the flea.Donne has used a lot of symbolism in the entirety of the poem. Throughout the poem, hes used the flea as a symbol of their togetherness, and expands on it being their marriage bed. He alludes to the symbolism of the Holy Trinity when he talks about three things in one body. One of the very interesting modes of symbolism he has used is blood, particularly in the break down stanza.Blood symbolizes life and Donne has used it to symbolize erotic passion and phantasmal devotion. In the last stanza, she crushes the fly, not paying any heed or attention to his advances on her. He has already mentioned blood of theirs being intermingled in the body of the flea, representing them being one flesh. He admonishes her and asks her regarding the sin the poor flee had committed other than the fact that the flea just sucked a little blood from them. It is worth mentioning here the role of the female in this poem. Her objections are neer noted, just reacted to, and she makes a very powerful yet non-verbal statement by crushing the flea. Very interestingly the reader can see the conceits in which he first tries to show the flea being greater than the church, the sacred relationship between a man and woman and then slowly demo the church and the relationship being greater than just a guiltles s flea. He has realized that she has not fallen for his arguments therefore he changes maneuver and his argument therein. He carries his conceit through, now giving her no reason not to sleep with him, he argues that killing the flea was an easy thing, as she shows it did not harm them, he claims then yielding to him would have just been as easy and painless as killing the flea.To summarize, this work is a metaphysical play with words, wherein themes such as lust, ghostlike imagery, and playful nature are being used. Donne has used words which allude to spiritual aspects of living in that era which give more than one view on what he is actually trying to say.In conclusion, the poem uses a lot of religious imagery as it helps add a sort of authority to the poem, as Donne has shown and argued that what they were about to do was not only supported by morality and God, but not doing it would be sacrilege too. The method of poetic conceit was used very cleverly to extend the flea to h ave many various meanings to it and add more color and humor to it. Kerins, in another journal talking about The Flea makes an interesting observation, Donne was the first to have the flea bite both him and his mistress, thus making it a symbol not of the lovers desire but of the desired union The Elegies . . . , 174). The flea becomes a union symbol because in its mingling of bloods it symbolizes the mingling of bloods thought to take place during coition (cf. Gardner, 175).